Philosophic Thought in Whitmans Song of Myself :: Song of Myself Essays

The Heath Anthology of American Literature repeatedly refers to Walt Whitman and his poetry in terms of being American, yet as I tell Song of Myself, my thoughts are continually drawn to the philosophies and religions of the Far East. Like the Tao Te Ching ideas are expressed in enigmatic verse and each stanza is a window pane koan waiting to be meditated on and puzzled out. Even Emerson called Whitmans poetry a remarkable mixture of the Bhagvat Gita and the New York Herald (The Whitman Project). Song of Myself contains multitudes of passages that express Hindu, Buddhist, and Taoist thought. Hinduism is an ancient religion of India and the Bhagvat Gita mentioned above, is among its holy texts. Meditation is emphasized in Hinduism and the point of meditation is explained in a famous metaphor the mind is a point and in this tree there is a monkey and a bird. The monkey, called the slippery monkey, races about, chattering constantly. If one can silence the monkey then the bird sing s. Whitman could be describing the concerns of the slippery monkey when he writes The latest news . . . . discoveries, inventions, societies . . . . authors old and new,/ My dinner, dress, associates, looks, business, compliments, dues/ . . . But they are not the Me myself (lines 60-65). A description of the bird can be interpreted from the same passage Apart from the pulling and hauling stands what I am,/ Stands amused, complacent, compassionating, idle, unitary (lines 66-67). Whitman requests of the bird, which he refers to as the soul Loafe with me on the grass . . . . loose the stop from your throat (line 75). When the bird complies, Whitman writes that the bird plunged . . . tongue to my barestript heart . . ./ Swiftly arose and spread around me the peace and joy and knowledge that pass all the art and argument of the reason (lines 80-82). By stilling the slippery monkey and hearing the song of the bird one gains information (this is similar to shedding the ego in order to at tain enlightenment in Buddhism. Sidhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was a Hindu before he rejected its tenets). Part of Hindu enlightenment is the realization that all is Brahma and Brahma is all. Hinduism is polytheistic, unless all its many gods are only aspects of the one God, Brahma.

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay -- Biography Biographies Philosophers Essays

Jean-Paul SartreJean-Paul Sartre was an existentialist philosopher philosopher. The questions of his philosophyoften come out in his readings. Existentialism questions wherefore we exist.Existentialists deny the existence of God. Existentialist writers such as Kafka andSartre often use prisons and solitary confinement to tell their stories. Often, neitherthe reader nor the protagonist is aware of what abuse has been committed.Jean-Paul Sartres The Wall reflects his philosophy and personal experiences.He worked for the French resistance and was imprisoned by the Germans duringWWII. The story seizes place during the Spanish Civil War in an old hospital beingused by the Spanish fascists to house prisoners. The Wall is told from a firstperson, stream of consciousness point-of-view, and uses existentialist philosophy,to illuminate the follies of totalitarian g all overnments like Fascism, and Nazism. Like most existentialist writers, Sartre chooses to tell the story of The Wall formt he first person stream-of-consciousness point-of-view. We get dialogue from another(prenominal)characters, but the dialogue is filtered through the mind and thoughts of Pablo. Theterror in the story slowly unfolds from Pablos mind. In the beginning, Sartre onlygives us a hint of terror. The humanity of the situation has not yet set into Pablosmind They pushed us into a big white room and I began to blink because the light injurymy eyes. Then I saw a table and four men behind the table, civilians, looking overthe papers. They had bunched another group of prisoners in the back and we hadto overlay the whole room to join them. There were several I knew and some otherswho must have been foreigners. The two in front of me were blond with roundskulls they looked alike. I supposed they were French. The smaller one kepthitching up his pants nerves. (7) The emphasis on the round skull foreshadows a scene that later brings terror intogreater effect. tom turkey tells Pablo while they are w aiting to be executed, that they aimfor the eyes and head to disfigure your face. The emphasis on the perfect roundskulls in the first paragraph draws attention to faces and heads. The smaller onehitching up his nerves, tell us from the beginning that Pablo should be nervoushimself. Pablo knows he is in trouble at the beginning. He unspoiled does not realize theamount yet. ... ...out truth or a persons innocence. Juan isguilty of know crime and is put to death. Garcia who Pablo meets in the courtyard afterwards he gives his false testimony, had nothing to do with politics (36). Whenasked why he was arrested, Garica responds They arrest everybody who doesntthink the way they do(36). The Nazis and the Fascists used mental torture and the threat of terror to getpeople to question their own existence, their own sanity. They do not think, theyjust take orders and obey. Therefore, it is perfectly ironic that Pablo sends them toa place devoid of reason or thought. The further irony is th at Gris is hiding in thegraveyard in the gravediggers shack and is killed in a gunfight. Pablo says after learning of Griss death, everything began to spin and I foundmyself siting on the ground I laughed so hard I cried (37). Pablo laughs until hecries because he realizes he never will understand why one man dies and anotherlives. In spite of all his thinking and mental anguish over the question, everyanswer he discovers leads back to Descartes the only part of his existence he cannot question is the one truth, I think, therefore I am.

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam fight No new taxes. This is a quote that most all of us remember fromthe 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there werenew taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad ofpromises made and things done in a presidential election year that havequestionable motives as to whether they are done in the outflank interest ofthe people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hiddeninterests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects ofgovernment in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is theVietnam War. Although in the south Vietnam asked for our help, which we hadpreviously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meetpersonal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the worldseyes rather than to operate a quick and decisive end to the conflict. Thiscan be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of theVietnam War . Politically this strategy looked in truth good. However,militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicianshave no place. War is the militarys sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S.Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or constabulary actionthat it has been committed to without political interference or controlbecause of the problems and hidden interests which are always present whendealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. Thisinvolvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950s and into the early1960s. On August 4, 1964 the disconnection of Tonkin incident occurred in whichAmerican Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by NorthVietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson quest a resolutionexpressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom andin protecting peace in selenium Asi a ( Johnson ). On August 7, 1964, inresponse to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnsonto take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to preventaggression against the U. S. in southeast Asia ( United States ). Theselective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to thisresolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we

Symbolism :: essays research papers

SymbolismIn each of the three works Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, Lord of the go, written by William Golding, and The catastrophe of Julius Caesar, written by William Shakespeare all have a strong common characteristic. Keeping in mind each author came from antithetic backgrounds and had very different motivations for writing each novel/play its ironic that in each story the main idea is redundant. Each of the three stories uses symbolism as a way to relate conflicts in the story to the conflicts in the real world.Symbolism in Lord of the FliesIn Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses symbolism in three outstanding areas objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important religious and historical tribe, and the setting which frames conflict on the island in similitude to the whole world. (Bernard Oldsley, pg. 215)Many objects in the Lord of the Flies have symbolic value. The conch shell represents power and authority, Ralph us es the shell to call for the boys to come to the meetings, whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to result power in the world, like a crown, ribbon, or other things that show who has power. We in any case learn that objects dont really give a lot of power when people choose not to obey it, like Ralphs conch.(Steven Magill, pg. 2059)The pigs head of Lord of the Flies are both important objects, to Jack its a sacrifice for the beast. This object shows that people will make religions and rituals to control their world, even when what they think is not true. (Chris Dakins, pg. 123) The Lord of the Flies is also a symbol of Satan or the Devil. When Simon talked to the Lord of the Flies he learned what the real evil was, which is in peoples hearts. (Chelsea House, pg. 22). The Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the things we make up to be the cause for evil, when those things arent the real reason.The fire is a symbol of hope and rescue. When the fire was burning bright, it was because the boys were working(a) very hard to get rescued. When the fire burned out it was because many boys, like Jack did not care anymore about being rescued. In the end, the fire that got them rescued was not meant for rescue it was there because Jack was burning down the island to kill Ralph.

Moving Beyond ADHD Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Moving Beyond ADHD   Friends are the family you choose. As a teenager, when it is hard to relate to your parents, friends become the day-to-day emotional hold in that everyone wants and needs. I suppose the search for a group of friends with whom you can share yourself completely is one of the struggles of adolescence. Disabled or not, this can be one of the toughest struggles of schoolgirlish adulthood. Having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has always complicated this for me.   The symptoms of ADHD have been described as disconnection between impulses and the knowledge of consequences. That separation permits impulses to be acted upon still with the awareness that those impulses have repercussions.   In elementary school, I was too hyperactive to be admitted into the Boy Scouts and spent more time with an ignorant and intolerant adept than with my classmates. Although I had one best friend, Kelli, and a miraculous second grade teacher, Mrs. Shapiro, who through a combination of Pizza Hut coupons and gold stars, got me to read books, I sp...

Moving Beyond ADHD Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Moving Beyond ADHD   Friends are the family you choose. As a teenager, when it is hard to relate to your parents, friends become the day-to-day emotional support that everyone wants and needs. I suppose the search for a group of friends with whom you can share yourself completely is one of the struggles of adolescence. Disabled or not, this can be one of the toughest struggles of young adulthood. Having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has always complicated this for me.   The symptoms of ADHD have been described as disconnection between impulses and the knowledge of consequences. That insulation permits impulses to be acted upon even with the awareness that those impulses have repercussions.   In elementary school, I was too hyperactive to be admitted into the Boy Scouts and spent more time with an stupid and intolerant principal than with my classmates. Although I had one best friend, Kelli, and a miraculous second grade teacher, Mrs. Shapiro, who thr ough a combination of Pizza Hut coupons and specious stars, got me to read books, I sp...

Operational Functions and the 4 P’s of Marketing

Lecture 1 Introduction to marketingMarketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitability.Peter Drucker there is only oneness valid definition of business purpose to create a customer. At its simplest, if you do not suck up any customers for the product or armed service your organization offers, then there is no reason for continuing existence.Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production and the interests of the product ought to be accompanied to only so far as it may be necessary for promoting those of the customer.The operational functions of merchandise sales promotion, advertising, public relations, selling, financing, buying, forecasting, pricing, standardization, publicity, merchandising, market research, transporting, risk-taking, servicing and stockholding.Elements over which organizations drop control and which are used to try to influence customers to choose one particular organiz ation in preference to another are world(a)ly termed the merchandising mix. External factors in the original marketing mix customer-buying behavior, trade behavior, competitors position and behavior, government regulations.Originally there are 12 Ps of marketing but this list is not easy to remember and it should be obvious why Jerome McCarthy condensed the 12 items in Bordens original marketing mix, into 4 study categories popularized the 4 Ps. The internal variables are therefore loosely grouped together under the headings of product, price, place (the offer mix), and promotion (the promotional mix).While the 4 Ps is a useful framework, a vigorous debate has taken place over the last decade about the dangers of seeing marketing entirely as the control of the 4 Ps. In fact it is a trap that tends to make suppliers forget the needs of customers as well as the enormousness of a mutually beneficial exchange. There is a suggestion of the addition of three other Ps Probe (research), Partition (segmentation) and Position.Lecture 2. The Marketing macro instruction Environment.Both of the parties making an exchange are more likely to consider that the exchange has been beneficial when the exchange has been made within the context of what is known as an Open Market. This is a market which has all of the following characteristics 1 Single homogeneous product, 2 Many buyers, 3 Many sellers, 4 Buyers and sellers have liken access to all available information relevant to the market.All developed societies have similar regulations to regulate legal trade. It is therefore usual for manufacturing and trading organizations to have to comply with such regulations, which effectively constitute one aspect of the environment in which an exchange takes place. These factors are for this reason referred to as the environmental variables of marketing. These are commonly labeled the Economic, Social, Technological and Political variables (STEP).Companies should seek to demonstr ate good corporate citizenship by upholding the letter and the spirit of the law, and generally behaving in a responsible and responsive manner. Some markets and trades have developed general voluntary codes of conduct and control, supported and monitored by a central membership body. Medicine for example has long been controlled by strict codes of professional behavior.Governments have developed a body of legislation and enforcement frameworks in respect of industry and trade. In particular, the following areas of control are of get off concern to business. 1. Legislation in respect of monopoly and competition standards. In the UK its done through the Office of Fair Trading and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. As a right EC member, the UK is in like manner subject to Community provisions in respect of issues in particular Article 85 of the Treaty of Rome concerns practices hindering competition. 2. Measures to defend consumers, whether as groups, individuals, as users of certain products and services, or particularly as targets for business activities.Relevant legislation has included the Trade Descriptions Act 1973, the Consumer Credit Act 1974, and so on Number of these statutes introduced measures directly relating to marketing practices such as pricing claims, warranties, product quality, etc.The economic environment is a complex network of international, domestic and regional influences and dependencies that shape the market potential facing companies. Company performance itself will depend critically on the quality of preparation and decision making is brought to pay up on this potential. The significance of the economic data is that over time they will indicate major economic developments of direct interest to marketers. Such economy-watching may enable the vigilant company to respond in time to scenarios such as following1.Recession. A downturn in economic activity of variable intensity. frequent indicators will be a fall or leveling in GNP, GDP, household income, etc. Rises will be recorded in measures such as stock, unemployment and company bankruptcies.2.Recovery. The opposite of the above. Marketers in some sectors will benefit from an early upturn in sales. Major upturns in economic activity may result in overheating with higher costs and prices.3.Inflation. Rising prices may be associated with buoyant conditions, demand growth and shortages. Economic policies are likely in future to be more directly influenced by multilateral agencies and agreements (UN) and the expansion of common market blocs such as the EC.Culture within any society id the complex of elements that confer the societys beliefs and values, preferences and behavioral norms. For marketer it is necessary to understand that culture will change within and between societies, so those cultural norms may vary between countries, regions and culture groups. Factors, which distinguish a society, change very slowly, as they are the products of family up bringing, the education system, national history and political development, religion, etc. Environmental sense is an interesting reflection of how society-wide concerns have delivered a powerful message to governments and business leaders.Technology is the touchstone of economic progress, a leading source of competitive gain commercially and an indispensable part of everyday lifestyle for the modern consumer. To illustrate the competitive force wielded by technology, it is worth observing that many manufactures have been touch on by technology developments remote from their own field. Major sectors of the metalworking industry were obsolete by the developments of digital electronics. Eg typewriters. Technological developments decrease the price of production. Technologies have also enabled an increase in the variety of products available to customers.The marketing environment comprises the playing field upon which competitive marketing takes place. Companies need to monitor and d ecide rational responses to changes in the environment in order to win their colors. There are three types of companies those who make things happen those who watch things happen and those who wonder what happened.Lecture 3 Markets and Market Segmentation.1.A market is an aggregate of people who as individuals or organizations have needs for products in a particular product class and who have the ability, willingness and the authority to pay. Consumer where purchasing is done by private or group of individuals. Industrial products and services are bought for one of 3 specific uses 1- resale, 2- producing other products, 3- products used in general eg administration, computers.3.Differentiated markets. Consumer needs are not the same homogenous, differentiated. Undifferentiated market all needs are the same4.Criteria for effective segmentation measurable, economically variable.Geographic geographical position on the globe.Demographic basis for the collection of many govern ment statistics and the standard system used by the media industry. Includes age, sex, family cycle, and socioeconomic segmentation.

Ticket To…Tadcaster

The textual topic I chose was nonsubjective I made a docudrama about a local stripe call(a)ed the tickets which was made to target people who are interested in MOD music and the MOD scene, I feel this as been achieved because I have sh have got my infotainment to people who fit this criteria and they commended it as an accurate view of scooter rallies are were interested in the call and check intoing them again.As the documentary was aimed at a specific audience, the main ideology had to be linked to the ideology of the target audience (MOD). This ideology is the lifestyle that comes with the music and the accomplishment watching a good deal ultimately succeed in this style of playing. However my documentary was shot to dispatch the progression from serve to gigging look like a struggle this was do by mediating the footage. But I think that people watching will feel empathy towards the resound, willing for them to succeed, as most people, non just MODS, like to see an un derdog come out on top this gives a wider audience for my documentary. Therefore I believe I made the right decision showing my documentary on channel four in the T4 slot on a sunlight morning. As the demographic audience is aged 16-30 and can relate to the band as they are the same ages. I have chosen a televised viewing rather than a cinema viewing for the simple reason that they are more democratic judging by the regular scheduling of documentaries and higher viewing figures.I have use diegetic dialogue from the band in the occupation sequences in conjunction with non diegetic narration from me to convey an informative style this narration is a way of directly communicating with the audience to keep them posted of what was deprivation on visually at the time, as most shots were in the same setting. My camera angle during the practise and argument scenes could have been made better by using different angles and editing them all together, instead most of the time you cant see on e member of the band even when they are speaking. I used an hand held video camera to shoot the documentary this makes the quality of my documentary poor as at times the camera is quite jerky which diverts the assist from what is happening on screen. If I were to make the documentary again I would use a tripod to keep the camera still.The footage of the band in the small practise room to a huge room full of people represents what I wanted to show in how far they have come to play a successful gig. The clean cut look of the band and in any case the mise-en-scene of the room they are playing in connotates the look and attitude of MODS which is to be dressed cleverness and have a no nonsense attitude. Any footage that didnt represent this I edited out.I wanted to make my documentary a form of docu- soap. late(a) docu-soaps much(prenominal) as Airport show the same struggle and resolution as mine does. I wanted to make the characters personalities strong and make them amply aware o f the camera, to the extent that they play up to it. The audience identification with, and response to, characters is strong just like that of televised docu- soaps. In my opinion the only element in my documentary not consistent to that of a real docu- soap is that there isnt a multitude of characters with different stories all interwoven, this would have been difficult to do as the point of my documentary was to show one story from a certain group of people.At the end of my documentary it fades out with a still sequentialen up of the bands faces smiling with a song played over the top this makes people want to know what will happen to the band after they had pulled off much(prenominal) a king-size gig, I wanted people to ask questions like Will they do any more? What will happen to them now? later talking to people who had watched it these questions were asked. I decided to show fans smiling at the end of my documentary as this shows the enjoyment theyve got from watching the band with the song that the band have played Cant explain with lyrics saying got a feeling inside cant explain I believe it fits with the images on screen and will hopefully make the audience smile too.My documentary follows the story of a bands run up to a walloping gig in a nearly chronological sequence, at the beginning it shows them playing the gig then it flashes back to practicing from then on it is perfectly chronological, I dont think I should have done this as straight away you know that the band make it to the gig and are doing well. I should have maybe showed them doing a smaller gig and made the point of how big the next gig was and the huge jump they had to undertake. I believe I made characters that engage and interest the audience as they are all big personalities that have presence on screen. Also I had a non- character narrator who acts as the storyteller and providing links between the sequences.Although not shown in the documentary I would have liked to have cre ated the documentary under the name Talkback TV as the programs they have made suit the target audience such as musical programs such as Never Mind The Buzzcocks and Bo Selecta, both programs are primarily watched by 16-30 year olds. Also Talkback TV has made a string of documentaries for channel 4 on which my documentary would be shown they make documentaries that are catered for minority interests and tastes as instructed to do so by law as they have a Public Service charter, as such this documentary about a local band would fit the criteria. Using this institution would also ensure the money needed to professionally film and edit, a large budget isnt needed as big name stars are non existent and not needed in a documentary.The bands ideology is the same ass that of the audience, have a laugh and enjoying themselves whilst still maintaining quality and seriousness but most of all doing it for themselves. The bands ideology fits in well with the ideology of channel 4 the channel on which the documentary would feature. The Public Service charter means that the documentary would be shown to people of minority interests, such as that of a MOD. More specifically the programme would be best scheduled during the T4 slot on a Sunday morning as to target the audience more specifically.With the reputation of music channels such as MTV rising bands are becoming more popular and so in turn documentaries such as Making the Band are too spurring more people on to create their own band. My documentary was made to inspire people of the same age of the band showing the audience the highs and the lows and what was needed to create their own band aspiring to be like The Tickets this I believe is a new trend within teenage boys and my documentary meets this trend.

Early childhood education Essay

Describe potential negative set up of this curriculum and how it is developmentally out or keeping(p) to literacy development.Sixty semester hours (or 90 can hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with half dozen semester or nine turd hours in courses cogitate directly to child disturbance and/or child development, from pay to age six or One year (1560 clock hours) of child development invite in a nursery school, kindergarten, or licensed day care center and 30 semester hours (or 45 quarter hours)of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six orI will provide for you a comprehensive exposition of an individual who is trustworthy, ambitious and complease discuss specific values and beliefs of the teaching philosophy/http//www. scholastic.com/teachers/teaching-ideas/sharon-taylorI will provide for you a comprehensive descrip tion of an carry off in kitchen, portion of pressure space. Laundry in the building. full(a) schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. beguile announce 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/ month. One month security stand by required. This is a spacious, clean, and saucily painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, abstract dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also inwardly the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony.The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and ba lcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building.Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. enceinte 2 bedroom, 1 bath apartment near Lake Cook Road and 53 expressway. Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showi ng. $800/month. One month security deposit required.Large 2 bedroom, 1 bath apartment near Lake Cook Road and 53 expressway. Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/month. One month security deposit required. Large 2 bedroom, 1 bath apartment near Lake Cook Road and 53 expressway. Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/month. One month security deposit required. Describe potential negative effects of this curriculum and how it is developmentally inappropriate to literacy development.Sixty semester hours (or 90 quarter hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six or One year (1560 clock hours) of child development experience in a nursery school, kindergarten, or licensed day care center and 30 semester hours (or 45 quarter hours).Of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six orSixty semester hours (or 90 quarter hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six

Battleship Potemkin

To many, battlewagon Potemkin remains as powerful today as it was when it saw its initial release in 1915. A great survey of the power the film projects derives from its ability to draw on the emotional content of viewers who hold a dissatisfied sensation towards the government, a perennial feeling that never goes out of style. But does the films political statement undermine the credibility of the film as a work and sway it into the landed estate of propaganda?In a word, no as this is a highly skilled cinematic presentation that does not fall into the common trapping of propaganda cinema. To say the Battleship Potemkin contains a political point of view is an accurate statement but, to say that the film is a work of propaganda may not entirely be correct. The moderateness for this is that propaganda generally involves a dishonest attempt to present a point of view that plays to the viewers emotions.Yes, Battleship Potemkin does present its anti-tsarist point of view so as to st imulate the viewers emotions to align with anti-tsarist sentiment however life under the tsar was hardly one that was popular with the common person. In fact, the entire Russian revolution would have been impossible if the population held the ruling class in high esteem. So, the film does not so much budge a point of view as much as it reflects what had been a common point of view.

Executive Summary on Bee Farming Business

I. Executive Summary A. Type of Business Nature The nature of the occupancy is bee farming. The proponents primary purpose is to examine the equal of interventions in bee-keeping. Beekeeping (apiculture) does well in a wide range of agro-ecological zone and fits into a broader category of diversification of agricultural activities. The intervention provides an avenue for change magnitude income. Name The proponent chose BAMBU BEE FARM as a business name. Its beca physical exercise the word BAMBU came from the first letter of the partners last names.The location of the business go away be Agbuacan, Agsungot, Cebu City. Products/Services The proposed business revolves on bees and the production of lamb. B. Management, Marketing & Financial Highlights The business is a sole proprietorship. It does not need to have a complicated business venture to have a successful beekeeping business. In the marketing aspect, the businesses that require the use of honey are bakeshops as an alterna tive for sugar, fast pabulum chains (i. e. McDonalds, Jollibee, etc. as syrups for breakfast meals, skin clinics as facial masks or treatments, and households for personal use. As there are lesser producers for organic honey which is the main product of the proposed business than processed honey, competition is not that high so the business is not that risky. In financial aspect, it shows the financial activities and its profitability in operating the business. With only a little capital, the return on investments will be fairly high. C. Socio-Economic ContributionsMankind has been interested with bee farming/beekeeping for centuries even before the use of sugar cane has been discovered because of honey use as a primary sweetener. This golden, sweet treat is from the nectar of the flowers, gathered by the bees. As a result, agriculture has recognized the primary participation of bees in the pollination of the different fruits and flowers around us. Many would anguish if bees woul d stop in their pollinating activities crops will die, flowers will wither, trees will bear no fruit and most of the entire ecosystem will fall.The rewards of beekeeping to mankind is not just the sweet, succulent honey but also some other products such as royal jelly, propolis and beeswax that could serve as food supplements and medicines to some illnesses. Even the pollen that they harvested can be a good source of protein for a healthy diet. Honey and propolis have antibacterial qualities. Royal jelly (the substance that is secreted from glands in a worker bees head and is used to feed brood) is loaded with B vitamins and is widely used overseas as a dietary and fertility stimulant.Pollen is high in high protein and can be used as a homeopathic remedy for seasonal pollen allergies. Apitherapyis the use of bee products for treating health disorders. Even the bees venom plays a vital role here in bee-sting therapy. Venom is administered with success to patients who suffer from a rthritis and other inflammatory/medical conditions. This entire area has become a science in itself and has been practiced for thousands of years in Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Shahzia Sikander

When finding a definition for artwork the only phrase that comes to my mind is the expression of integritynesss creative skill and imagination. The word imagination brings out this thought of largeness and communicativeness to me and therefore when viewing a large create, one immediately gets drawn towards it and tries to create a connection with the painting. Shahzia Sikander was an creative person who was known for her embrace of miniaturist paintings in the Indo-Persian style.To many, miniature paintings seemed somewhat restrictive because of the space present for the artists to express themselves and are excessively looked at as a faded genre that had more to do with craft and technique than genuine expression(Bhaha, Homi). But according to me, Sikanders artistic creation successfully portrayed her thoughts and helped us gain knowledge most her culture.What attri stilles to making her paintings so acknowledged is the substance her artwork embodies not only her culture but also works across diverse cultural references Hindu, Christian, Classical, mythological and folkloric (Rachel Kent). When talking about elements of narrative in artwork, I feel that one is referring to the focussing in which the particular artwork is portrayed and the techniques that the artist has employ to portray his/her skill and imagination. Viewing all of Sikanders artwork, the one element that is seen as having and influence on all her works of art is her cultural background.Her adoption of the miniaturist tradition took place while she was studying at the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan where this form of art was seen as an unconventional choice that conjured associations with imperialism on one hand and, on the other, deeply rooted local traditions of fabrication-telling and popular mythology (Rachel Kent). One of the reasons that it felt want story telling and popular mythology to me was because when viewing each painting, it felt care one was viewi ng a summon from a book.The paintings looked flat like a page but at the same time contained layers within which gave them depth. One particular artwork of hers that gives me this impression is Writing the Written (2000). In all her works and this one in particular one foot see how she explored compositional constructs such as repetition, the placement of color across the surface of the work, the use of a flattened, voluptuous perspective and the relationship between image and border (Rachel Kent). Repetition is seen a lot in Writing the Written, whether it is the repetition of certain images of just design.The about important factor to keep in mind when analyzing Sikanders artwork is the size of each piece. Each miniature painting is not more than 8 x 51/2 inches, which is just like analyzing a painting that has been printed on an A4 sized paper. Viewing a painting so small can make us see the artist in a completely different light because as the audience, we are usually not used to macrocosm able to glance at a whole painting at one time, and by this I mean that our eyeball are usually used to moving around, moving to different corners of the painting since we relate the size of majority of paintings to being large.When viewing Writing the Written for the first time, the first thing that caught my eyes was the repetition of horses in the boarder. Since I am of Hindu religion, the whole painting felt like Sikander was trying to tell her audience a story about the Hindu culture. The horse is linked to the Hindu god Varuna that shows how Sikander is incorporating mythology in her artwork. Also, the focus of this painting seems to be the two figures that are placed somewhat in the pump of the painting, which to me represents the Hindu gods Krishna and Radha.Considering that this is a miniature painting, it doesnt seem small or simple in any way because there is so much termination on in it. The blurred circle in the center is what got me thinking becau se in the article learned Immensity, Rachel Kent mentioned, historically, the circle invited a range of associations. It is at once a complete unit, unbroken at any point so without a beginning or end a spiritually changed symbol across cultures, associated with the continuity of the life cycle.But I felt like by using the circle to blur out the faces she was in some way referring to the problems that Muslim women have to face everyday. In an interview by Homi k Bhabha, Sikander mentions that even for her such things as the veil that she uses a lot in her work, be exotic. She states that the first time that she put one in her work everyone reacted strongly. So when looking at the blurred faces in her painting I felt like she was trying to portray how Muslim women are forced to hide their faces from the rest of the world. Images within images, borders within borders all form active constituents in Sikanders art of transformation(Rachel Kent). This technique of Sikanders is seen in a lot of her artworks especially in Writing the Written where at ones first glance of the painting it seems like there are three different frames to it and this to me makes the painting look layered and gives it some form of depth. The outer(a) most layer is that of the border with the horses imprinted on it, the routine layer consists of the two blurred figures and the third layer is that of the backdrop.The tiny blue circles that start of big on the outer most layer and then little by little become smaller as they move towards the inner most frame better represent this depth that Sikander is trying to portray. According to me it is quite difficult to dismantle every aspect of Sikanders paintings because there always seems to be so much going on. One of the reasons that I feel this way is also because of the way she represents movement in her paintings. In Writing the Written, the movement is solely portrayed by the various horses.First, the way she draws them in different direc tions on the outer most border and then by the single house that is shown jumping on the top left edge of the painting. At first, when I read the title Writing the Written I didnt necessarily understand why she would give the painting that name but then I started notice the write on the outer most border which seemed like Arabic to me. In an interview Sikander says, The text becomes more like horses or theres the intimation of movement, and that aspect is my experience of reading the Koran where I would read it with no particular understanding because I was a child.I could read Arabic, but I couldnt understand it and the memory of it is this amazing visual memory where the yellowish pink of written words supersedes everything else (Bhabha, Homi). One can see that Sikander used the Arabic words for the beauty of the language rather than the meaning behind the words. Through these minor details we can see how Sikander incorporates different cultures her painting rather than being this traditional artist that many consider her to be.Seeing that Sikanders artwork consisted of so many traditional figures and symbols, many considered her artwork as that of a traditional Muslim artist who I trying to portray the different between the East and West to her audience. But seeing how she incorporated cultures such as Islamic, Arabic and Hindu in her painting Writing the Written, it seems like she is trying to bring together the difference between the East and the East, the nearest difference, the intimacy of difference that can exist within any culture (Rachel Kent).It took me a while to understand the complexity of her miniature paintings, but in the end I feel that they are as expressive and creative as any other large painting because of the addition of intricate details and the incorporation of various cultures. Bibliography Bhabha, Homi. ESSAY THE RENAISSANCE SOCIETY. SHAHZIA SIKANDER. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . Rachel Kent, Intimate Immensity Shahzia Sikanders Multi- Dimensional Art, Shahzia Sikander, pp. 11-25.

Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

Extreme conditions temperatures and increase in cancel mishaps in recent hoary ages boast yet outtually made the policy shapers think seriously about Climate alteration and congenital catastrophes . The austere reappraisal and the Intergoverngenial Panel on Climate Change s 4th ( revised ) sound judgement study in 2008 A had clearly earthd that auxiliary in congenital catastrophes due to mode alteration will suffer inauspicious affects on societal and sparing sectors. The study which had decl ard that climate alteration will do addition in natural catastrophes in approaching over-the-hill ages, has lived up to its anticipation. Harmonizing to UNISDR from twelvemonth 2008-2011 natural catastrophes choose been responsible for economic amendss deserving 730 Billion USD, study adversely alter 843 million race and killed about 598,000 people around the universe. There has been an addition of more than(prenominal) than 50 % in the blueprint of floods in the last decennary in analyse to the 1990s and likewise the happening of immaculate natural catastrophes has besides increased over the last decennary. Mistake Reference beginning non found The addition in both the strength and frequence of deluges over the last decennary has raised concerns within knowledge bureaus, authoritiess and regional co-operations natural catastrophe direction has gained precedence among all stakeholders. In 2005 U.N created The Hyogo Frame crop for Action B a planetary design for catastrophe hazard devolve attempts with a ten-year program, the copy was adopted in January 2005 by 168 authoritiess at the U.N serviceman Conference on incident Reduction. 2 Although all 168 states did accept the exemplification in rule, nevertheless in that location has been polished done to cut down nursery emanations or accommodate catastrophe hazard decrease schemes crossways the board. besides in response to the celestial latitude 2004 tsunami and the temblor of December 2005 in South Asia, a Particular Session of the SAARC Environment Ministers ( manful , 25 June 2005 ) adopted the Male Declaration on a corporate response to big scale natural catastrophes. A SAARC Disaster Management Centre ( SDMC ) was established in New Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was created to bring home the bacon policy advice and facilitate skill constructing including strategic acquisition, research, preparation, system development, expertness globeity and exchange of information for effectual catastrophe hazard decrease and direction. 3 Policy devising has besides been installivated at the province degree, for illustration the authorities of Queens make for in Australia has interpreted enterprise on a province degree of making a policy form to cut down and undertake natural catastrophes. The model called the Disaster Management Strategy Policy model includes search, Policy and Governance, Risk mind, Mitigation, Prep ardness, Response, Relief and Recovery, Post-Disaster Assessment. 4 One might be of the sentiment that catastrophe events be probabilistic events and their happening can merely be calculated on a chance price and at that settle is no flight from their devastation. However it is of implication to understand the do of the happening and what can be done to aid the affected semipublic overcome the catastrophe natural catastrophes cause. Research has shown despite the calibrated table of the catastrophe, a combination of subject and planetary policy can assist guard away disease and decease in states with functioning authoritiess. This publications reappraisal investigates old surveies conducted on the socio economic bear on of inundations in context to grammatical sexual urge.The 2010 inundations in PakistanThe geological section of the Australian authorities defines inundations as the covering of usually dry land by weewee that has escaped or been released from the normal confines of any lake , or any river, brook or other natural watercourse, whether or non altered or modified or any reservoir, canal, or dike. 4 Floods chiefly uphold the human community either straight finished contact with the water supply or indirectly through the harm the H2O does to the natural and human make environment. 5 Localized inundations can hold a substantial impact on people s physical and mental health. 6 The 2010 monsoon inundations were one of the largest inundations in the history of Pakistan doing unprecedented harm and killing more than 1,700 people. The inundations affected over, 20 million people, inundated about one fifth of the state s land and caused loss of one million millions of dollars through amendss to substructure, lodging, agribusiness and raise animal, and other digesthold assets. 8 The World Bank and Asian Development Bank melodic themed that the implosion therapy had caused the economic system $ 9.7 billion in losingss. 9 Cases of mal livelihoo d, hurt flu, diarrhoea, skin infections, cholera, enteric fever, malaria, and hepatitis were reported. Food monetary values dramatically increased later on the implosion therapy, seting an economic run on the full population.The southern state of Sindh was hit rather to a great extent by the inundations, it was reported that about Seven million people were affected by inundations in the state 1000s were detain by inundation Waterss and had been in demand of aid. Our lot part the southern territory of Thatta was affected in a ruinous mode by the inundations, as the flow of the inundation Waterss touched 9,50,000 cusecs the lame butchs built to protect the territory s public overflowed doing both Bankss of the Indus River to deluge doing tremendous sum of devastation.At the press cutting of deluging the province machinery which included both the provincial and federal authorities a foresightful with galore(postnominal) international and national NGOs led the alleviation attemp ts and was able to avoid the happening of any larger calamity such as far dispersed hungriness or dearth. However in recent old ages uninterrupted Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act have kept the authorities preoccupied with affairs of public safety and security, this has diverted the authorities s at scarpering from institutional reform to affairs of ad-hoc nature. The presence of situational challenges has reduced province capacity to fruitfully supply elemental operate for which resources had already been needing. This has limit pointed authorities s response to natural catastrophes largely to drive appraisal and immediate alleviation operations. The appraisals have typically tensenessed on direct amendss of crownwork assets which includes figure of deceases and hurts, amendss to edifices and public substructure, loss of harvest and farm animal.Appraisals of catastrophe impacts on societal sectors such as wellness and instruction atomic number 18 besides limited to t he measuring of amendss to school day and infirmary edifices, the appraisals tend to disregard the eagle-eyed marge affects on the wellness and instruction degrees of the affected public. long term appraisals of societal sectors is critical even more so for a state similar Pakistan as it already struggles with low societal development indexs, ranking 145 out of 187 C states in the Human Development Index and a sexual practice Development Index ( GDI ) ranking of 120 out of 146 D states.Approachs to measure out impact of natural catastrophesResearch workers across the universe have used diverse attacks to find the impact of inundations. In Pakistan the EU has antecedently employ the EMMA ( Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis ) , which is a rapid market epitome designed to be used in the for pointful term wake of a sudden-onset crisis. A better apprehension of the close to critical markets in an exigency state of affairs enables determination shapers ( givers, NGOs, autho rities, other human-centered histrions ) to see a broader scope of responses. The purpose of the attack is to estimate and understand the construction and operation of cardinal markets in the short term so that immediate recovery plans argon in consistent to the on the land state of affairs. Although the research is utile in supplying immediate alleviation, nevertheless the attack does non take into consideration the long term effects of the catastrophe. 10 Similarly another attack which can assist givers aim their retrieval attempts is ECLAC, ECLAC s methodological analysis is related to post catastrophe rating it focuses on rehabilitation and convalescence. It advocates utilizing a dynamic and sectoral position that enables the research workers to cipher future losingss derived by the devastation of productive constructions and forfeitures of concern chances and its philia/long term effects in divers(prenominal) footings. The methodological analysis aims to enable its users t o seek to point if and which type of international cooperation the community affected demands. Although precise cognition of assorted sectoral amendss and losingss, present and future, suffered by the communities enables the catastrophe alleviation bureaus to put to death more particularized rehabilitation undertakings, nevertheless use of a macro-perspective to estimate the amendss and provides losingss in pecuniary footings leaves out the impact on societal sectors and chiefly focal points on economic costs. 11 In a Flood-site undertaking study on the Mulde River in Germany the research workers have taken the underside up perspective to analyse societal exposure posed by inundations. The methodological analysis seeks to categorise the fortunes that make an person or a community undefended and look into how some groups in these fortunes might be more insecure than others. The research workers who define societal exposure as the features of a individual or group in footings of their capacity to expect, header with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural jeopardy chiefly concentrate on how communities and societal groups argon able to cover with the impacts of a natural jeopardy. The attack provides valuable penetration into the kineticss of societal capital, but lacks item of sectoral appraisals. 12 Along with good targeted plans it is of import that recovery plans are sustainable. In Sudan, AIACC has employ a research method based upon the sustainable expect conceptual model the research method aims to measure the public presentation of sustainable support and environmental direction steps. international Institute for Sustainable Development defines sustainable supports as being concerned with people s capacities to bring forth and keep their agencies of life, heighten their wellbeing, and that of future coevalss. Sustainable support appraisal is mean to bring forth an apprehension of the function and impact of a undertaking on heighte ning and procuring local people s supports. It chiefly relies on a scope of informations aggregation methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative informations indexs and, to changing grades, application of a sustainable supports model. The theoretical account focuses on five types of capital viz. natural, physical homo, societal and fiscal. The model employs the Livelihood Assessment Tracking ( LAST ) System to mensurate alterations in header and adaptative capacity. Quantitative and qualitative indexs are combined with the LAST system for its engagement the LAST system is developed through creative activity of development indexs by the aid of the local community. 13 All the in a higher place mentioned models, even with their short-comings provide valuable inputs into the assessment methods of catastrophe impacts. However, the above discussed models which focus on immediate demands appraisal, macro-economic impacts, societal capital, and sustainable supports do non look to be gender sensitive and lack concentration on societal sectors in a gender sensitive mode. It has been clip and once more noted that openhanded females are most adversely affected by natural catastrophes. Sara-Bradshaw in her theme socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes advocates the usage of a gender attack the paper states that the prototypical measure to guaranting that the specific basic demands of self-aggrandizing females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations disconnected by sex and age sections instantly after the happening of a catastrophe. This is of import because interrupting up of informations aid recognize the affects of the inundation on boastful females in peculiar and aids in foregrounding the specific demands of the gender. For illustration in many instances in a Muslim state large females might engage non to see a male physician, therefore if the research workers have the figure of magnanimous females who n eed medical examination attending they can set up female physicians consequently. 14 Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters InternationalEnarson et al 1998, Fordham 1998, Morrow 1999 and Tapsell et al 2000 are of the position that inundations and other catastrophes can impact upon work forces and adult females in contrastive and distinguishable ways. Similarly It is believed that work forces and adult females will be go about with different exposures to climate alteration impacts due to bing in compareities such as, their function and place in society, entree to resources and power dealingss that may impact the ability to react to the effects of clime alteration ( WEDO 2007 Commission on the Status of Women 2008 Carvajal et Al 2008 Bridge, 2008 ) . 15 16 17 18 19 It is a basic fact that bulk of the adult females in ontogeny states and peculiarly in the South Asiatic part are at a disadvantage when compared to their male opposite numbers.International Literature su ch as Tapsell et al 2003 illustrates that adult females suffer markedly more than work forces at the worst clip of deluging. Research has shown that due to socially constructed functions and duties, adult females seem to bear the most slews ensuing from clime variableness impacts. Due to the traditional gender functions in many developing states, it is seen that adult females are in charge of the house and responsible for family demands such as cookery, rinsing, hygiene, kids and raising little farm animal. Children, in peculiar misss portion these duties. In Africa, adult females do 90 % of the work of roll uping H2O and wood, for the family and nutrient readying. It is noted that adult females have to work excess work loads when faced with natural calamities as they try to pull off their mundane undertakings during an exigency state of affairs. 20 21 soft research suggests that this is because adult females have the chief craft for, and likely, a greater emotional investing in the place than work forces. They besides normally have the cardinal duty for the attention of kids and the aged in the place, for illustration even in a station inundation state of affairs it is the cardinal duty of the adult female for acquiring the place back to normal after the inundation. 22 In many developing states and particularly in the south Asiatic part, nutrient hierarchies favor male nutritional demands and often adult females nutrition and wellness demands are ignored. In Bangladesh it has been reported that Give the already unstable nutritionary province of big Numberss of misss and adult females in Bangladeshaany farther addition in favoritism would hold serious effects. In hapless families, throughout the universe, adult females go without nutrient for the benefit of their kids or male household members. 30 31 Furthermore an ADB study in 2001 found that in Bangladesh of the 20-30 % female headed families, 95 % are populating below poorness line. Even in developed states such as the U.K, lone raise and individual pensionary households-the bulk of which are female headed are most likely to be populating in poorness. It is noted that in some cases force per unit area on households has been so terrible that there have been studies of kids being offered for domesticated employment, and of female kids being sold. The grounds informs us that adult females headed families already tend to hold limited economic resources and therefore a natural catastrophe can hold a greater impact on their supports in comparing to others.Other than the over-all poorness rates, wellness and instruction are two sectors where adult females in the part still lag behind work forces. The hapless nutritionary position of adult females makes them more susceptible to disease infection, peculiarly in developing states where there is small societal proviso and limited or no entree to proper medical attention. Poor nutrition besides makes adult females more vulnerabl e to catastrophes, and makes the physically strenuous undertakings of H2O and fuel aggregation more hard. Research in India has found that misss nutrition suffers most during periods of low ingestion and lifting nutrient monetary values, which is ballpark during catastrophe state of affairss 36 37 .Fewtrell and Kay ( 2006 ) provide grounds of inundations doing Bacterial, fungal, respiratory disease, and GI infection on with otalgia and skin roseolas among others. It is widely acknowledged in wellness research that some groups, such as adult females ( particularly pregnant adult females ) , the immature, the aged and immune compromised people are more vulnerable to wellness impacts ( particularly infection ) than other people ( e.g. Flynn and Nelson, 1998 White et al. , 2002 WHO 2004 ) . 28 Furthermore inundations can besides hold an impact on the mental wellness of the affectees. It has been suggested that adult females may endure more mental strain in certain state of af fairss, due to cultural norms. Womans in hapless wellness antecedent to the inundation are more likely to see the implosion therapy as traumatic. When whole households move to urban slums or alleviation cantonments the adult females face challenges accommodating to the new environment. Problems include torment, deficiency of security, undependable H2O supplies which increases their work load, and gender insensitive conditions such as deficiency of privateness besides have a tolling consequence. Long journeys to the alleviation cantonments can do both physical and mental emphasiss when coupled with experiences of sexual torment on these journeys. Women s dramatically expanded attention giving functions following a catastrophe, and seting household demands before their ain, may explicate overall diminution in emotional well being. 29 Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters PakistanThe international literature on adult females in relation to climate alteration clearly highlights the ter rible exposure and inauspicious exposure natural catastrophes pose to adult females in peculiar. Similarly research surveies have been conducted by different development organisations to estimate the impact of the terrible inundations that hit Pakistan late. The research consequences are in line with international research literature. As Pakistani adult females peculiarly tend to chiefly hold generative and domestic functions in the families and are hardly seeable in the public domains, peculiarly in rural countries, these features make manner for a greater impact on their socio-economic conditions from natural catastrophes. The bing state of affairs of adult females in Pakistan can non be to the full valued without an apprehension of the ways in which faith, civilization and traditions have unionized societal dealingss and fractured society along category, racial, cultural and gender lines. Pakistan hence, presents a typical state of affairs from a socio-economic position. In Pakis tan Men and male childs are given more weightage over the household resources in comparing to adult females and misss. A study conducted by OCHA as a Needs Assessment fall out on the 2011 inundations in Sindh found that 37 % of families had reduced or skipped nutrient consumption pattern adopted by adult females and misss in the family to run into the ration demands, which is similar to findings mentioned earlier from Bangladesh. 32 Nazish brohi et Al have study emerging tendencies and informations, trusting chiefly on the Gender Needs Assessment ( GNA ) , the Multia?cluster Rapid Assessment Mechanism ( McRAM ) , instance surveies and emerging secondary information. Their espouse includes instance surveies based on the assorted experiences of adult females to inundations. The adult females respondents in the survey have insisted that they had no anterior information about the inundations and many were taken back by surprise. The surprisingness of the inundations magnified its i mpact and besides increased the exposure of the inundation victims. The survey present penetrations into the experiences of adult females through instance surveies, for illustration in Mianwali, a 30 twelvemonth old adult female, Jawwahi, rushed out with her household in waist high H2O and saw her house crumble before her in Charsadda, adult females awoke to calls and found H2O hotfooting into their houses . Similarly the survey besides illustrates how adult females hygiene had been affected due to inundations. For illustration in Kalabagh territory, Baghat Bibi, a 60 twelvemonth old adult female with her triad girls and three girls in jurisprudence visited the river every few yearss and submerged themselves in the H2O to clean themselves and their apparels, and so dry themselves while have oning the same apparels it is reported that the they had been making it for over three hebdomads . As adult females in rural countries are non used to traveling approximately in public in finites other than their small towns misss and adult females are much embarrassed to be seen accessing toilets and therefore do so during twilight or early forenoon. Such overpowering fortunes coupled with instances of torment can hold ambiguous impacts on mental wellness. 35 The Preliminary Gender Needs Assessment study by UNIFEM E studies that the adult females were under terrible emphasis as the desolation caused by the inundations destroyed their limited assets, identification number their personal security state of affairs, and changed their duties as they were forced to react to exigency conditions. The study stresses upon the fact that even though adult females s wellness is critical to the wellbeing of their households, after catastrophes, traditionally as health professionals, they tend to put their demands last. It besides affirms that in certain states, cultural norms such as purdah springtime adult females from being able to show their demands, to boot adult fe males besides tend to hold a opportunity of traveling unnoticed in the compensation procedure as their economic parts are normally unobserved.Similarly the adult females interviewed by IDMC in Sindh alleged that entree to income-earning chances has been their biggest challenge and a major concern for adult females caputs of family. The slow gait of recovery from the extended harm the inundations caused to the agricultural sector was anticipate to hold a major impact on adult females s employment. Women besides lacked the certification to turn out their belongings rights. As a consequence, widows and adult females caputs of family interviewed by IDMC reported great trouble in claiming heritages, land and ownerships left at place when they fled. 23 A March 2011 study by the UN constituent for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) found that internally displaced adult females and misss across the state could non venture out to have exigency nutrient assistance without b eing threatened for go againsting solitude. 24 Women complained that most wellness services available in the wake of the inundations arduous on primary wellness attention with small work focal point on generative wellness for adult females. 25 A 2010 appraisal by the UN Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) quoted adult females as describing sexual torment in inundation supplanting cantonments where different folks, households and small towns were placed together. 26 Hence it is indispensable that research workers while measuring the effects of inundation take both long term and short term wellness impacts into history. It is of import for the research survey to depict the characteristic impacts of inundations on wellness results, depict the components that influence human wellness as a consequence of inundations, depict the direct wellness impacts of inundations and develop a conceptual model to assistance in the direction and rating of inundation related wellness direction. The literacy rates of adult females in developing states are much lower than their male opposite numbers. A survey by UNICEF in the wake of the 2010 inundations showed that there are gender disparities in supply side factors in Sindh including handiness of schools for misss and male childs. Pre flood organization interrupt up by gender, degree and sector shows that at the primary degree there are 60 % assorted schools in the populace sector and 42 % assorted schools at the in-between degree. At the primary degree parents are more comfy with directing their miss kid to blend school nevertheless there is reluctance when it comes to middle school when the miss attains pubescence, the dropout rates are besides highest at that point and bulk of the dropouts occur when misss move from primary to middle degree. Similarly the survey provides grounds of gender disparities bing in Thatta the survey demonstrates the tendencies in pre and station inundation state of affairss in primary regis tration. 38 wishing of entree to instruction is nt ever related to scarceness of schools nevertheless the inaccessibility of this supply side factor can play a major function in diminishing entree to education along with the inaccessibility of female instructors every bit good. Economic costs, societal traditions, and spiritual and cultural beliefs besides limit misss educational chances peculiarly when it comes to middle and high degree schooling. As these societal development indexs become worse due to the affects of clime alteration it is of import for the governments to non merely mensurate them but besides address them with sustainable development plans.Given that work forces and adult females in the survey country are destitute with dependance on agribusiness and natural resources for their supports, natural catastrophes pose a high hazard for them. As manifest by the literature reviewed exposure seems to be higher for adult females as they do non hold successor agenci es of employment and most of all employed adult females in the survey country are employed by the agribusiness sector. More and more research workers have concluded that it is of import to choose for a gendered analysis when researching on inundation impacts, Sarah Bradshaw in her survey Socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes a gender analysis states The first measure towards guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken down by sex and age section instantly after a catastrophe. The interrupting up of informations helps research workers understand adult females specific demands better, which in bend can assist policy shapers design and implement adult females specific schemes and plans. 27 Even though the grounds provided above from both international and local research literature clearly advocates the instance for greater exposure of adult females from natural catastrophes non muc h has been done to measure the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females. Research surveies have remained limited to rapid appraisals or demand appraisals, station catastrophe impact have non been concentrated upon. In order to plan long term sustainable gender sensitive recovery plans it is important to understand the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females, maintaining this in head the present survey Social-Economic Impact of Flood in District Thatta A Gendered Analysis is a pioneering work in Pakistan in which SPDC s research workers have gone a measure in front from other surveies and have tried to measure the station catastrophe impact of one of the worst inundations of the century.Furthermore, research has shown that despite obstructions faced by adult females, they are already developing effectual header schemes which include accommodating their husbandry patterns. Literature such as ( WEDO, 2003 Gurung et al. , 2006 Mitchell et al. , 2007 ) pointed out that adult females are really knowing and experient with respects to get bying with clime related impacts. They are cognizant of their demands and are really advanced in the face of alteration. Communities on the frontline in accommodating to the effects of natural catastrophes need but so far frequently lack, equal information about clime alteration and version schemes. Due to the adult females s lower literacy degrees in many parts, and other barriers to accessing information, such as civilization, it is critical that adult females s demands are addressed in attempts to supply necessary information. 43 Ariyabandu and Wickramasighe ( 200526 ) suggest that although adult females are frequently more vulnerable to catastrophes than work forces ( owing to conventional gender duties and dealingss ) nevertheless they are non merely incapacitated victims as frequently represented. Womans have valuable cognition and experience in get bying with catastrophes. Yet these s trengths and capacitys of adult females are frequently ignored in policy determinations and in extenuation, thereby, leting these valuable resources to travel to waste and sometimes making dependence state of affairss. Ignorance of gender differences in the yesteryear has led to insensitive and uneffective alleviation operations that have non been able to aim adult females s demands and their possible to help in extenuation and alleviation work. 44 Hence this research is besides of import because non all is glooming, as international research has suggested that in developing states already sing negative effects of clime alteration, adult females have been identified as peculiarly adaptative and advanced, hence the current research survey shall play a valuable function in doing policy shapers better understand the long term issues of Pakistani adult females in peculiar and place their strengths and failings.Taking the above into consideration, SPDC has designed a gender sensitive r esearch survey to find the impact of the 2010 inundation of Thatta. A gender sensitive primary study is critical in assisting place Gender spreads, therefore SPDC research workers created separate questionnaires for work forces and adult females. The survey helps understand the differences in the socio-economic impact of the inundation on adult females, work forces, misss and male childs. This includes garnering gender sensitive informations on the sectors of instruction, wellness, economic, flood header capableness and the overall impact of the inundation. In order to measure and measure the consequence of inundation on the family public assistance and behaviour, the survey collects single and household information from both male and female respondents individually, doing usage of gender sensitive attacks which in the yesteryear have been limited to demands appraisals or rapid assessment surveies.

Bose Marketing Structure

A History of Bose Bose Corporation was pieceed in 1964 by Dr. Amar G. Bose, then professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As an MIT grad student in the 1950s, Dr. Bose decided to get a new stereo system. He was disappointed to find that talkers with impressive technical specifications failed to reproduce the pragmatism of a cost act. The quest for better sound was on. Extensive research in the fields of talker design and psychoacousticalsthe human perception of soundled to the groundbreaking 901 Direct/Reflecting speaker system in 1968.Its unprecedented approach to sound breeding came much closer to the essence and e exerciseal impact of live music, and won immediate acclaim. The list of major Bose innovations continues to grow. Fourteen years of research led to the widenment of acoustic waveguide speaker technology, found in our award-winning Wave radio, Wave music system and acoustic Wave music systems. Acoustimass speaker technolog y reshaped effected thinking about the relationship between speaker size and sound, enabling palm-sized speakers to produce sound recording quality previously thought impossible from speakers so small.Auditioner sound demonstrator technology removed the guesswork from sound system design for arenas and other large venues. It allows builders, architects and set managers to describe precisely what a Bose system will sound like in their building, before any equipment is installed, redden if the building only exists as a blueprint. Bose Lifestyle systems provided a welcome alternative to conventional component-based systems by offering fully integrated home entertainment solutions. Lifestyle systems deliver award-winning performance and elegance from elements specifically engineered to work together.The systems approach has paved the way for numerous Bose solutions, audio and beyond. Integrated systems key out for the acclaimed performance of Bose automotive sound systems and Aco ustic Noise Cancelling headsets. The revolutionary Bose suspension system and ElectroForce linear motion system rely on proprietary Bose software and hardware working together in harmony. exclusively feature technologies available only from Bose. Today, you tail find Bose wherever quality sound is important. From the Olympic games to the Sistine Chapel. From NASA spot shuttles to the Japan National Theatre.In the home and on the road, from large outdoor arenas to intimate neighborhood stores, restaurants and clubs, you can hear the realism of the around respected name in soundBose. Organisational Structure of Bose Corporation February 2nd, 2011 Bose Corporation (pronounced /? bo? z/) is a privately held organization, based in Framingham, Massachusetts, that specializes in audio equipment. 2 Founded in 1964 by Amar G. Bose, the company operates 5 plants, 151 sell stores (as of October 20, 2006) and an automotive subsidiary at Stow, Massachusetts. With respect to sales in the U . S. or home audio retail and portable audio retail sales, Bose was ranked third for the period of November 2008 to April 2009. 3 Bose is known for the 901 speaker series. chief executive officer Amar Bose CFO Daniel Grady * Forming during this stage of assort development, the extremitys get acquainted with each other. During this stage, the group establishes ground rules. * Storming this stage is characterized by a high degree of conflict within the group. I consider the storming stage as the most crucial stage. In this stage, the group members and the leader have to resolve the issues that may imprint the group in the future.If the group is unable to resolve the issues, it may be disbanded. If the issues are resolved the group will go away cohesive. * Norming during this stage, the group becomes more cohesive and identification as a member becomes greater. During this stage, the group members start to develop relationships. * Performing during this stage, questions about group relationships and leadership have been resolved and the group is ready to work. Each member devotes his/herself to getting the job done. * Adjourning during this stage, the group will cease to exist. This is because it has met its goals and is no longer needed.Another interesting topic is group structure. congregation structure refers to the characteristics of the stable social organization of the group, the way the group is wander together. I erudite that the way the group is structured affects its performance and ability to function. Through class discussions, I learned about the factors that affect group performance. * Size the size of the group affects its ability to function. I learned that is outflank to maintain a small group with 10 members. In a small group, everyone feels needed and everyone is apt(p) responsibility. Nature of the task the nature of the task affects the groups ability to function. The task should contain the honorable amount of challenge tha t will excite and push members to perform better. * Resources and support adequate resources also affect group performance. * External recognition rewards and recognitions are linked motivation.The members must feel that their work and efforts are valued. * Group composition it is important to maintain a small group with diverse talents and skills. * N. B Bose products are found in homes, theaters and large sports arenas. The U. S. ilitary and NASA have contracts with the company Bose Mission Statement The challenge of accurate music reproduction The ability to differentiate live music from all others is what makes its reproduction so challenging. The singular mission at the heart of Bose is to reproduce music as true to the original performance as possible. And that involves research, technology and a strong commitment to excellence. Bose Company Objectives Bose maintains an exceptionally strong commitment to research, for it is within the discipline of research that yesterdays legend becomes tomorrows reality.We strive to identify things which, when made better, improve peoples lives. But its more than just research. We aim for excellence in everything we do. From the way we run our business to our customer service. From the products to the owners manuals youll use to set them up. In everything we do, we truly believe that right(a) enough is merely a starting point. Weve taken our commitment and our passion for innovation and applied them to evolution unique sound solutions to meet virtually any audio challenge in any application, even the space program.While many of our products are designed for entertainment and home audio solutions, youll find Bose sound is predominant in both the aviation and automotive industries, too. Weve also designed professional sound systems for many applications, including stadiums and auditoriums, houses of worship, retail businesses, department stores and restaurants. Our commitment has served us well. Today, Bose has op erations in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, Asia, the Caribbean, Central America and South America. The Bose loyalty to Customer SatisfactionAt Bose, an overriding goal is to create value for our customers by offering products and services that meet their needs. Our undergo sales and applications specialists strive to understand your specific testing needs, and then provide a solution for you. We put customers at the center of a dedicated focus on quality and service, and we measure success by the satisfaction of our customers. We are dedicated to bringing you products of superior quality and performance, and exceptional service so you can achieve your goals.

Our Environment: the Sum Total of Our Surroundings

I. Our environ workforcet is the sum total of our bugings A photograph of priming coat reveals a heavy(p) deal, unless it does non convey the complexity of our environs. Our environment (a term that comes from the French environner, to surround) is much than weewee system, land, and air it is the sum total of our surroundings. It includes alone of the biotic factors, or living things, with which we interact. It also includes the abiotic factors, or nonliving things, with which we interact.Our environment includes the continents, oceans, clouds, and ice caps you toilet see in the photo of Earth from space, as good as the animals, plants, forests, and farms that comprise the landscapes around us. In a more than inclusive sense, it also encom heades our built environment, the structures, ur toss away centers, and living spaces clements have created. In its intimately inclusive sense, our environment also includes the complex webs of scientific, ethical, political, economic , and amicable relationships and institutions that shape our daily lives.From day to day, hoi polloi around commonly use the term environment in the first, narrow senseof a non adult male or indwelling orbit a start out from homo community. This connotation is unfortunate, because it masks the very important fact that humans exist within the environment and argon a part of nature. As one of galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) species of animals on Earth, we shargon with others the same dependence on a levelheaded functioning planet. The limitations of language make it all too easy to speak of plurality and nature, or human society and the environment, as though they be separate and do not interact.However, the fundamental insight of environmental cognition is that we are part of the natural world and that our interactions with other parts of it matter a great deal. II. Environmental science explores interactions between humans and our environment Appreciating how we i nteract with our environment is crucial for a well-inform view of our place in the world and for a mature awareness that we are one species among many on a planet full of life.Understanding our relationship with the environment is also vital because we are mend the very natural systems we need, in government agencys we do not yet fully comprehend. We depend absolutely on our environment for air, water, food, shelter, and everything else essential for living. However, our actions modify our environment, whether we intend them to or not. umteen of these actions have enriched our lives, trifleing us longer life spans, better health, and greater material wealth, mobility, and leisure time. However, these improvements have often degraded the natural systems that sustain us.Impacts much(prenominal)(prenominal) as air and water pollution, soil erosion, and species extinction can compromise human well-being, pose risks to human life, and threaten our ability to build a society that wil l survive and exposit in the long term. The elements of our environment were functioning long before the human species appeared, and we would be wise to defecate that we need to keep these elements in place. Environmental science is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment be actives us, and how we affect our environment.We need to understand our interactions with our environment because such companionship is the essential first step toward devising solutions to our roughly pressing environmental problems. Many environmental scientists are taking this next step, trying to apply their friendship to develop solutions to the many environmental challenges we face. It can be daunting to reflect on the sheer order of magnitude of environmental dilemmas that confront us today, but with these problems also come countless opportunities for devising creative solutions.The topics canvas by environmental scientists are the most centrally important issues to our world and its future. Right now, global conditions are changing more quickly than ever. Right now, through science, we as a civilization are micturateing knowledge more rapidly than ever. And right now, the window of opportunity for acting to solve problems is still open. With such plentiful challenges and opportunities, this particular moment in history is indeed an exciting time to be studying environmental science. III. Natural imagerys are vital to our survivalAn island by definition is finite and bounded, and its inhabitants must cope with limitations in the materials they need. On our island, Earth, human beings, like all living things, ultimately face environmental constraints. Specifically, there are limits to many of our natural resources, the various substances and energy sources we need to survive. Natural resources that are virtually unlimited or that are replenished over short periods are known as renewable natural resources. almost renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind, and wave energy, are perpetually uncommitted.Others, such as timber, food crops, water, and soil, renew themselves over months, years, or decades, if we are careful not to use them up too quickly or destructively. In contrast, resources such as mineral ores and crude oil are in finite supply and are formed much more slowly than we use them. These are known as nonrenewable natural resources. one time we use them up, they are no longer available. We can view the renewability of natural resources as a continuum (Figure 1. 1). Some renewable resources whitethorn turn nonrenewable if we overuse them.For example, overpumping groundwater can deplete underground aquifers and turn a lush landscape into a desert. Populations of animals and plants we harvest from the wild may be renewable if we do not overharvest them but may vanish if we do. In recent years, our consumption of natural resources has increased greatly, driven by rising affluence and the produce of the largest human un iverse in history. IV. Human population growth has do our relationship with natural resources For nearly all of human history, only a few million people populated Earth at any one time.Although former(prenominal) populations cannot be calculated precisely, Figure 1. 2 gives some idea of just how recently and suddenly our population has grown beyond 6 jillion people. Two phenomena triggered remarkable increases in population size. The first was our transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life. This change began to occur around 10,000 years ago and is known as the agricultural novelty. As people began to grow their own crops, raise domestic animals, and live sedentary lives in villages, they found it easier to meet their nutritionary needs.As a result, they began to live longer and to produce more children who survived to adulthood. The second notable phenomenon, known as the industrial revolution, began in the mid-1700s. It entailed a shift from rur al life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen, to an urban society powered by fogey fuels (nonrenewable energy sources, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, produced by the decomposition and fossilization of antiquated life). The industrial revolution introduced improvements in sanitation and medical technology, and it enhanced agricultural production with fossil-fuel-powered equipment and synthetic fertilizer.Thomas Malthus and population growth At the outset of the industrial revolution in England, population growth was regarded as a good thing. For parents, high school birth rates meant more children to support them in old age. For society, it meant a greater pool of get the picture for factory work. British economist Thomas Malthus (17661834) had a disaccordent opinion. Malthus claimed that unless population growth were controlled by laws or other social strictures, the sum of people would outgrow the available food supply until starvation, war, or si ckness arose and reduced the population (Figure 1. ). Malthuss most influential work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, argued that a growing population would eventually be checked either by limits on births or increases in deaths. If limits on births (such as abstinence and contraception) were not implemented soon enough, Malthus wrote, deaths would increase through famine, plague, and war. Malthuss thinking was shaped by the rapid urbanization and industrialization he witnessed during the early years of the industrial revolution, but debates over his views continue today.As we will see in Chapter 8 and throughout this book, global population growth has indeed helped spawn famine, disease, and social and political competitiveness. However, increasing material prosperity has also helped bring down birth ratessomething Malthus did not foresee. capital of Minnesota Ehrlich and the population bomb In our day, biologist Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University has been called a neo-Malthusian because he too has warned that population growth will have disastrous effects on human welfare.In his 1968 book, The Population Bomb, Ehrlich predicted that the rapidly increasing human population would unleash widespread famine and conflict that would consume civilization by the end of the 20th century. Like Malthus, Ehrlich argued that population was growing much accelerated than our ability to produce and distribute food, and he maintained that population control was the only way to close out massive starvation and civil strife. Although human population nearly quadrupled in the past 100 yearsthe fastest it has ever grown (see Figure1. a)Ehrlichs predictions have not materialized on the scale he predicted. This is due, in part, to agricultural advances made in recent decades. As a result, Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians have revised their predictions then and now warn of a postponed, but still impending, global crisis. V. Resource consumption exe rts social and environmental impacts Population growth affects resource availability and is unquestionably at the root of many environmental problems. However, the growth in consumption is also to blame.The industrial revolution enhanced the material affluence of many of the worlds people by considerably increasing our consumption of natural resources and manufactured goods. Garrett Hardin and the tragedy of the park The late Garrett Hardin of the University of California, Santa Barbara, disputed the economic theory that unfettered exercise of individual self-interest will coiffe the universal interest. According to Hardins best-known essay, The Tragedy of the Commons, published in the journal Science in 1968, resources that are open to unregulated exploitation will eventually be depleted.Hardin based his argument on a scenario described in a pamphlet published in 1833. In a public pasture, or common, that is open to unregulated grazing, Hardin argued, each person who grazes ani mals will be motivated to increase the number of his or her animals in the pasture. Ultimately, overgrazing will cause the pastures food production to collapse (Figure 1. 4). Because no single person owns the pasture, no one has incentive to expend effort taking care of it, and everyone takes what he or she can until the resource is depleted.Some have argued that private ownership can address this problem. Others point to cases in which people sharing a common resource have voluntarily organized and cooperated in enforcing its storyable use. Still others maintain that the dilemma justifies government regulation of the use of resources held in common by the public, from forests to tonic air to clean water. Weighing the issues The Tragedy of the Commons Imagine you make your living fishing for lobster. You are free to boat anywhere and set out as many traps as you like.Your harvests have been good, and vigor is stopping you from increasing the number of your traps. However, all th e other lobster fishers are thinking the same thing, and the fishing thou are getting crowded. Catches decline year by year, until one year the fishery crashes, leaving you and all the others with catches too meager to support your families. Some of your fellow fishers call for dividing the waters and selling access to individuals plot-by-plot. Others advocate the fishers to team up, set quotas among themselves, and prevent newcomers from entering the market.Still others are imploring the government to get involved and pass laws regulating how much fishers can catch. What do you think is the best way to combat this tragedy of the commonalty and restore the fishery? Why? Wackernagel, Rees, and the ecological footprint As global affluence has increased, human society has consumed more and more of the planets limited resources. We can quantify resource consumption development the concept of the ecological footprint, developed in the 1990s by environmental scientists Mathis Wackern agel and William Rees.The ecological footprint expresses the environmental impact of an individual or population in terms of the cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials the person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the fling off the person or population produces (Figure 1. 5). It measures the total amount of Earths surface used by a given person or population, once all direct and indirect impacts are come up. For humanity as a whole, Wackernagel and Rees have calculated that our species is using 30% more resources than are available on a sustainable basis from all the land on the planet.That is, we are depleting renewable resources 30% faster than they are being replenishedlike drawing the principal out of a bank account rather than living off the interest. Furthermore, people from wealthy nations have much larger ecological footprints than do people from forgetfuler nations. If all the worlds people consumed resources at the rat e of North Americans, these researchers concluded, we would need the eq of two additional planet Earths. VI.Environmental science can help us avoid mistakes made by past civilizations It remains to be seen whether the direst predictions of Malthus, Ehrlich, and others will come to pass for todays global society, but we already have historical evidence that civilizations can crumble when pressures from population and consumption overwhelm resource availability. Easter Island is the classic case (see The Science behind the Story), but it is not the only example. Many great civilizations have fallen after depleting resources from their environments, and each has left devastated landscapes in its wake.The Greek and Roman empires disposition evidence of such a trajectory, as do the Maya, the Anasazi, and other civilizations of the New World. Plato wrote of the deforestation and environmental debasement accompanying ancient Greek cities, and today further evidence is accumulating from r esearch by archaeologists, historians, and paleoecologists who study past societies and landscapes. The arid desolate of todays Middle Eastern countries were far more vegetated when the great ancient civilizations thrived there at that time these regions were lush enough to support the very origin of agriculture.While deforestation created deserts in temperate regions, in more tropical climates, the ancient cities of fallen civilizations became overgrown by jungle. The enormous stone monuments of the Angkor civilization in Southeast Asia, like those of the Maya in Mexico and Central America, remained unknown to Westerners until the 19th century, and most of these cities remain covered by rainforest. Researchers have learned enough by now, however, that scientist and author Jared Diamond in his 2005 book, Collapse, could synthesize this information and formulate sets of reasons why civilizations succeed and persist, or fail and collapse.Success and persistence, it turns out, depend largely on how societies interact with their environments. I. People set off in their perception of environmental problems Environmental science arose in the last mentioned half of the 20th century as people sought to better understand environmental problems and their origins. An environmental problem, stated simply, is any undesirable change in the environment. However, the perception of what constitutes an undesirable change may vary from one person or group of people to another, or from one context or power to another.A persons age, gender, class, race, nationality, employment, and educational background can all affect whether he or she considers a given environmental change to be a problem. For instance, todays industrial societies are more likely to view the spraying of the pesticide DDT as a problem than those societies viewed it in the 1950s, because today more is known about the health risks of pesticides (Figure 1. 6). At the same time, a person living today in a mala ria-infested village in Africa or India may welcome the use of DDT if it kills mosquitoes that transmit malaria, because malaria is viewed as a more immediate health threat.Thus an African and an American who have each knowledgeably assessed the pros and cons may, because of differences in their circumstances, differ in their judgment of DDTs severity as an environmental problem. Different types of people may also vary in their awareness of problems. For example, in many cultures women are responsible for collecting water and fuelwood. As a result, they are often the first to perceive environmental degradation affecting these resources, whereas men in the same area simply might not see the problem.As another example, in most societies information about environmental health risks tends to reach wealthy people more readily than poor people. Thus, who you are, where you live, and what you do can have a huge effect on how you perceive your environment, how you perceive and act to chan ge, and what impact those changes may have on how you live your life. In Chapter 2, we will examine the diversity of human values and philosophies and consider their effects on how we define environmental problems.II. Environmental science provides interdisciplinary solutions analyse and addressing environmental problems is a complex endeavor that requires expertness from many disciplines, including ecology, earth science, chemistry, biology, economics, political science, demography, ethics, and others. Environmental science is thus an interdisciplinary fieldone that borrows techniques from numerous disciplines and brings research results from these disciplines together into a broad deductive reasoning (Figure 1. 7).Traditional established disciplines are priceless because their scholars delve deeply into topics, uncovering new knowledge and developing expertise in particular areas. Interdisciplinary fields are valuable because their practitioners take specialized knowledge from incompatible disciplines, consolidate it, synthesize it, and make sense of it in a broad context to better serve the multifaceted interests of society. Environmental science is especially broad because it encompasses not only the natural sciences (disciplines that study the natural world), but also the social sciences (disciplines that study human interactions and institutions).The natural sciences provide us the means to gain accurate information about our environment and to interpret it reasonably. Addressing environmental problems, however, also involves weighing values and consciousness human behavior, and this requires the social sciences. Most environmental science programs focus predominantly on the natural sciences as they pertain to environmental issues. In contrast, programs incorporating the social sciences heavily often prefer using the term environmental studies to describe their academic umbrella. Whichever approach one takes, these fields reflect many diverse perspe ctives and sources of knowledge.Just as an interdisciplinary approach to studying issues can help us better understand them, an integrated approach to addressing problems can produce effective and lasting solutions. One example is the dramatic improvement in one expression of air quality in the United States over the past few decades. Ever since automobiles were invented, lead had been added to flatulence to make cars run more smoothly, even though medical professionals knew that lead emissions from tailpipes could cause health problems, including idea damage and premature death.In 1970 air pollution was severe, and motor vehicles accounted for 78% of U. S. lead emissions. But over the spare-time activity years, engineers, physicians, atmospheric scientists, and politicians all merged their knowledge and skills into a process that eventually resulted in a ban on leaded gasoline. By 1996 all gasoline sold in the United States was unleaded, and the nations largest source of atmosp heric lead emissions had been completely eliminated. III.Environmental science is not the same as environmentalism Although many environmental scientists are interested in solving problems, it would be incorrect to confuse environmental science with environmentalism, or environmental activism. They are not the same. Environmental science is the pursuit of knowledge about the workings of the environment and our interactions with it. Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural worldand, by extension, humansfrom undesirable changes brought about by human choices (Figure 1. ). Although environmental scientists may study many of the same issues environmentalists care about, as scientists they attempt to maintain an objective approach in their work. Remaining free from personal or ideologic bias, and open to whatever conclusions the data demand, is a hallmark of the effective scientist. We will now proceed with a brief overview of how science works and how sc ientists go about this enterprise that brings our society so much valuable knowledge.