Analysis of “Regret” by Kate Chopin

When It Is too Late â€Å"European and American women in the nineteenth century lived in an age characterized by gender inequality† (Bomarito and Hunter, pars. 1). Women's role in a society was limited to be wives and mothers. But as time went on, things began to change. Women started to have the right of higher education and working (Bomarito and Hunter, pars. 5). They became more independent in their lives without the need of men to support. But the question is that was this change good for women or not? The American author Kate Chopin gave an example of those independent women in her short story â€Å"Regret†.In the story, a woman called Mamzelle Aurelie lived alone in her farm. She has never got married and never had children. But one day the silence in Aurelie's life was broken as she carried the burden of looking after her neighbor's four children for two weeks. One might ask how could she manage to take care of these children since she never had one? In the story Chopin describes the difficulties Aurelie faced and how she finally managed to deal with the children, also how she felt after the children left her alone.In â€Å"Regret†, Chopin uses this description to explore the change in Mamzelle Aurelie's character before and after the arrival of the children and her regret at the past. At the beginning of the story, Chopin describes Mamzelle Aurelie in masculine terms. She was unmarried and never thought of getting married. She was a middle-aged woman with a rugged appearance. â€Å"She wore a man's hat about the farm, and an old blue army overcoat when it was cold, and sometimes topboots† (Chopin 1). She was strong and capable in her every day life.She had a â€Å"determined eye† (Chopin 1), and she lived quite alone except for her dog Panto. She even ran her own farm and supervised her workers. That shows how independent and hardened woman she was. All this description appeared in Aurelie's character before the arriva l of her neighbor's children. After the arrival of the children, Aurelie became aware of the missing part of her character which is womanhood. Those children had arose this suppressed character in Aurelie. At the beginning she did not know how to deal with these children.She treated them as if they were another variety of her farm animal. But soon she realized that â€Å"little children are not little pigs† (Chopin 2). Taking care of the children required the awaken of feminine and maternal aspects in Aurelie's nature that were dormant. Therefore she brought out her â€Å"white aprons† (Chopin 2) and â€Å"got down her sewing-basket†(Chopin 2) to mend the children's clothes. She washed their feet before bed. Told them stories, and even let the youngest sleep with her. At the end of the story, the children had to go back home and leave Mamezlle Aurelie alone again.After they had awaken her maternal instinct, they left her in a great sadness and regret. â€Å"The red sunset and the blue-gray twilight had together flung a purple mist across the fields and road that hid it from her view† (Chopin 3). She realized that the void left by the children could not be filled by her own at the age of fifty. She felt regret for banning herself from a great happiness; she might have done this because she wanted her independence or because she did not find a true love.Now after discovering all these things, â€Å"she let her head fall down upon her bended arm, and began to cry† (Chopin 3). In the short story â€Å"Regret†, the change in Mamzelle Aurelie's character caused her sadness and regret. In her past life, she hid some good aspects of her character  beyond her  appearance. She seemed to be strong and appeared in man's style. But when the children had entered her life, soft sides in her character appeared. At that period , she starts doing things she had never done before.She took care of the children, and spent most of her t ime with them as if she were their mother. In those two weeks, her kind heart and  maternity  instincts revealed. And when the children left her, she realized how much time of her life she had wasted without being a mother and  banning herself from this kind of happiness. Works Cited Primary Chopin, Kate. â€Å"Regret†. New York: The Century Company, 1895. Secondary Bomarito, Jessica, and Jeffrey W. Hunter, ed. â€Å"Women in the 19th Century – Introduction†. Feminism in Literature. Vol. 2. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes. com.

Internal Assessment

The Social Effects of Absentee Fathers on Boys in Inner-city Communities â€Å"Fatherliness Is an albatross around the neck of this nation, welling us down and choking development†, is a statement Martin Henry, a national journalist, salutes in his article on May 26, 2013 in the Jamaica Gleaner. Inner city communities are plagued with single-parent families and oftentimes it is the father which is absent. Mothers can do much and no more and boys who come from these broken homes oftentimes become a product of their society and a pattern develops.The issue of absentee fathers has become a social problem In the development of the family (the first Institution of colonization). The community, specifically the Inner-clues, and the society in general. Whether we believe it or not, fathers bring something unique to the family and for this reason, an irreplaceable connection and contribution is made to the life of a child. These contributions can never be replaced by any program of an y kind. The absence off father can cause a child to suffer emotionally and socially.Psychology has taught that issues such as this are correlation: a allegations may exist. According to Jennifer Flood's article,† A review of literature relevant to delinquency and adolescent behavioral and academic success revealed that there may be correlation between a male role model and the teaching of self- control and socially appropriate behaviors†. Koru, a renowned psychologist sums this up in just one sentence,† Fatherliness is a driver for delinquency and crime†.In situations where there is no male figure to look up to or aspire to be like, boys turn to media personalities Like rappers, artistes and sport personae, ones who have animal background and upbringing as they do. However, these figures are not necessarily positive role models as they display signs of arrogance and resentment towards authority. Furthermore, they do not see this as socially unacceptable becau se they aspire to be like them and so whatever that person does is seen as ‘right' in their eyes. They acclimatize to that kind of behavior and carry them out in their daily activities. Aid a mi daddy† and â€Å"Mi a Spartan Devil† are common phrases used by the fatherless boys In the community of Granville, SST. James. This affects how hey relate to one another, elders and society on a whole. A statistical analysis shows that fatherless children who normally possess this kind of mindset are 20 times more likely to end up in prison; 20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders; 14 times more likely to commit rape; 9 times more likely to drop out of high school; 10 times more likely to abuse drugs and the list goes on.What glorious future for our boys! This natural disaster sweeping away our country continues as boys with absentee fathers suffer from lack of affection and support because there Is no male Geiger to love and support them, specifically when It co mes on to those physical activities such as: sports and manual labor. They pretend as though this doesn't affect them as it demeans their manhood to show their true feelings.They use different mediums to bring out the anger they feel inside which may, unfortunately, resort to a life of crime and violence. Mothers of these children have to now face the reality that they have now become a menace to society. This lack of affection can also no idea of how to express and show love and so find it difficult to commit to a allegations. They have children outside marriage or any stable relationship, hence, continuing the tradition and the cycle of being an absentee father.Edward Koru, writing about father absence, father deficit and father hunger in Psychology Today underlines the behavioral problems,† Fatherless children have more difficulties with social adjustments, and are more likely to report problems with friendships, and manifest behavior problems; many develop a swaggering, in timidating persona in an attempt to disguise their underlying fears, resentments, anxieties and unhappiness. Gangs and violence and the adoration of the gun as power spring out of this condition. The litany of disaster now becomes a norm which affects us all as citizens of this country. The absence of a father in the family places a heavy weight on the mother of this child. His basic needs may not be met because a mother in those type of communities normally don't possess a high income Job which earns enough money to supply the needs of the child and so the child grows up into a teenager with the mindset meek a living and will do anything to be successful at this. This springs over to boys being more likely to experience unemployment, having low salary Jobs and even experience homelessness.I strongly believe that we are confronted with a major social disaster. The decline of fatherhood is a major force behind many of our biggest problems: low educational performance, crime, violence , poor social relations and weak economic performance. Clearly, the only way to fix this problem is to solve this issue of fatherliness in our homes.

History of Chess

The precursors of chess originated in India during the Gupta Empire,[2][3][4][5] where its early form in the 6th century was known as chatura? ga, which translates as â€Å"four divisions (of the military)†: infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. [6] Chess was introduced to Persia from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility. 7] In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became chatrang, which subsequently evolved to shatranj, due to Arab Muslim’s lack of ch and ng native sounds,[8] and the rules were developed further. Players started calling â€Å"Shah! † (Persian for â€Å"King! â€Å") when attacking the opponent's king, and â€Å"Shah Mat! † (Persian for â€Å"the king is helpless† – see checkmate) when the king was attacked and could not escape from attack.These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands. The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely keeping their Persian names. The Moors of North Africa rendered Persian â€Å"shatranj† as sha? erej, which gave rise to the Spanish acedrex, axedrez and ajedrez; in Portuguese it became xadrez, and in Greek zatrikion, but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shah (â€Å"king†).Thus, the game came to be called ludus scacchorum or scacc(h)i in Latin, scacchi in Italian, escacs in Catalan, echecs in French (Old French eschecs); schaken in Dutch, Schach in German, szachy in Polish, sahs in Latvian, skak in Danish, sjakk in Norwegian, schack in Swedish, sakki in Finnish, sah in South Slavic languages, sakk in Hungarian and sah in Romanian; there are two theories about why this change happened: 1. From the exclamation â€Å"check† or â€Å"checkmate† as it was pronounced in various languages. 2.From the first chessmen known of in Western Europe (except Iberia and Greece) being ornamental chess kings brought in as curios by Muslim traders. The Mongols call the game shatar, and in Ethiopia it is called senterej, both evidently derived from shatranj. Chess spread directly from the Middle East to Russia, where chess became known as (shakhmaty, treated as a plural). The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. [9] Introduced into the IberianPeninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th century manuscript covering shatranj, backgammon and dice named the Libro de los juegos. Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape. [10] Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the li nes of the board rather than within the squares. [10][11] Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire. 12] Muslims carried chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Iberia by the 10th century. [10] The game was developed extensively in Europe, and by the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and Christian Church sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game. [13] Modern history saw reliable reference works,[14] competitive chess tournaments[15] and exciting new variants which added to the game's popularity,[15] further bolstered by reliable timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules[15] and charismatic players. [16]

China Is Going to Become the Next Superpower Assignment

China Is Going to Become the Next Superpower - Assignment Example Before embarking a discussion specifically in a China-centric context, it will be really pragmatic to delineate the salient characteristics of a superpowerFirst and foremost, a superpower always has a robust and stable economy that is sufficient enough to churn out the resources for its fast-expanding ambitions. A superpower is also backed by a strong army, navy and air force that could well do the job of projecting it as a power throughout the world. A superpower also needs to have a strong and well-developed culture that is worthy of extending the requisite philosophical and ideological influences, that well demark and define the approach and strategy of that superpower. Geography can certainly play role in consolidating and encouraging the superpower status of a country, as it did in the case of the erstwhile USSR and the USA. A country that has a vast sea and land area under its control is mostly not only endowed with abundant and rich natural resources but does also enjoy a dist inct tactical advantage in the case of a war. If one takes into consideration the contemporary economic and military power of China and the other related attributes like culture, geography and the like, no doubt China qualifies to be an ideal candidate for becoming the superpower of the future (Mahtaney 7).  Also, not only the Chinese goods are flooding the Western markets, but rather China has emerged as a manufacturing hub for the entire world. China also has embarked on an ambitious plan to modernize its military. It goes without saying that in the recent times, China’s sway in the world affairs has increased over time and China is doing its best to gain a strategic edge not only over its rivals in Asia but also over the Western powers (Mahtaney 4). All these facts constitute a good reason as to why China is poised to achieve a superpower status in the future. China’s Economy In the last three decades, China’s economic growth has been quietly impressive and the nation does seem to have the potential to sustain this growth in the times to come. Simply speaking, China has one big population that not only serves the purpose of creating a big and lucrative domestic market but also extends to China ready access to cost-effective and affordable labor. Not to mention that China is a country endowed with ample natural resources and big sea and land area, which further contribute to and facilitate its economic growth. It was Deng Xiaoping who introduced economic reforms in China in the late 70s. Since the introduction of these reforms, the Chinese economy has developed spectacularly. In the period 1979-1993, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of China registered an average growth rate of 9.3 percent (Cass, Williams & Barker 91). It was indeed a great achievement, going by the fact that in the same time period, the average growth rate of the entire world stood at 2.6 percent (Cass, Williams & Barker 91).  

Women's rights in China and Japan Research Paper

Women's rights in China and Japan - Research Paper Example Chinese women have been deprived their rights in politics, economy, social and familial life through the existing patriarchal feature of Chinese society. Women do not enjoy inheritance of property and possession rights hence they do not have an independent source of income. These inheritance and succession are passed through the male line which makes it impossible for them to enjoy freedom in marriage and have to follow everything dictated to them (Thernstorm 5). The system of polygamy and prostitution subjected to them cause physical and mental torture because they are forced to abide without questioning. According to a research done by Horizon Research and a survey by Ifeng, Com survey in 2012, shows that men own 80% of marital homes (Fichner 1). This indicates a great disparity between property ownership among men and women and many disparities. Most of the married have few or no right or power over the material owned by their families because they are named after their husbands. Education of a woman in china does not matter. When a woman reaches the age of marriage, she has to follow the laid done rules and laws that come with the head of the family. These rules are subject to women battering, and they feel alienated. Both men and women tend to work long hours in paying employment, and an encouragement is given to women to remain in the labor force even after having given birth. Studies have shown battered women in China are more likely to remain in those abusive relationships because of existence of insecure property rights.

LIberals and Conservatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LIberals and Conservatives - Essay Example They ask the government to treat all individuals on an equal basis, protecting civil liberties and human rights. For example, they ask the government for taxpayer-funded programs that support mothers who want abortions. They support long-term welfare that government provides to the needy. Conservatives, in contrast, do not accept change to traditional way of living. However, there is a contradiction in their beliefs. For example, they are against government programs that support abortions, because they want to save the unborn lives (Courtwright 5); yet, they are also against government programs that provide prenatal care to single mothers. They are against government funding for the needy, but they support government support for victims of flood and earthquakes. Such illogical beliefs held by conservatives are unacceptable for liberals. In short, liberals and conservatives hold opposite views and beliefs. Liberals are open-minded, and promote human rights, like abortion and government support for the needy; while, conservatives are narrow-minded, and hold contradictory views which liberals consider as corrupt and

Race and education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Race and education - Essay Example For example if I don’t accept treatment from an Indian or Asian doctor based only on the fact that his/her skin colour is not of my liking then I’m committing racial sin. But when this same thing starts happening at an institutional level, then it’s a big problem. Sadly enough, it is prevalent. In old movies of the time of the Second World War, Hitler’s Germany, one can see (or read about them) there were shops and public eating places that had sign boards reading ‘No Jews Allowed’, a classic example of institutional discrimination. The difference between racism on an individual basis and by an institution lies in the formation of policies. Usually the institutional racism is in a documented form. Countries can (and have) denied visas or asked for very high taxes from specific nationalities if they want to migrate. The segregation is not limited to visas only, when the difference between the rich and the poor is observed it is more likely to occur that whites (in many countries including England the US) usually have higher income level than coloured people. Racism has its dark deep roots in British social science (Billing, 1979). Over there across the ocean in King County US, 29.1% African Americans and 19.2% people of Latin origin are living below the poverty line compared to only 7.9% of people living under the poverty line from white households (Solid Ground, n.d.). An interesting study suggests the colonization of African and Asian people that began in the 15th century has more to do with the race of the people than people think. When Europeans met with Africans and Asian for the first time, they saw these different groups of people that had different cultures, they started to believe that Races in human species do exist and that Whites are superior to all of them (Clark, 2007). Institutional racism happens both overtly and covertly, there are many form that happen in the world without

Analysis of Silkos Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Analysis of Silkos Style - Essay Example The writer has introduced his work by a rhetoric question to the reader â€Å"What about Silko’s Style?† putting across the argument topic. And in the conclusion gave the final appeal and suggested the reader to decide which argument is better. The piece invokes the reader’s curiosity as a question is asked and then points are laid down so that the reader is persuaded to accept the writer’s argument (Faigley and Selzer). The writers chose a direct and simple language to make it easier for the reader to understand his point. As a reader, the piece is easy to grasp the point and makes it interesting to read. The point from the first paragraph â€Å"simple, straightforward, unadorned – because she wants her readers to accept her narrative as credible and trustworthy†, was the most significant as it shows that rhetorical choices made by writers are for achieving certain effects on readers (Faigley and Selzer). The writers repeated the word rhetoric many times in the second paragraph however it does not seem redundant because they have used it carefully and in a different manner each time. Another point that is about Silko’s writing style is discussed a few times in the piece however it is for stressing the point of rhetoric choices writers make and the words used every time are different. The central point of the piece is â€Å"Textual rhetorical analysis employs rhetorical terminology† (Faigley and Selzer). As the writer used a rhetoric question, similarly in news paper’s articles, motivational and public speakers and in many literary works rhetoric question and rhetoric analysis is used to persuade the audience. This reminds of a very good orator US President Obama’s acceptance speech in 2008, in which he posted a famous rhetoric question â€Å"What is that American promise†, and is claimed that his rhetoric strategies persuade, bring home the point and convey his vision to his audience in a very clear manner and their hearts and minds get swayed (Leanne, 1).

Critical analysis of the legacy dimension of the planning process of Essay

Critical analysis of the legacy dimension of the planning process of World Cup 2010 in South Africa focusing on the city of Cape Town - Essay Example The building of the new stadium at Green point is also intended to create more job opportunities and newer sporting, entertainment and leisure activities for the city in a scope not previously witnessed (Smit, et. al., 2007). The location of a new stadium at Green Point is very accessible to the local and international tourists as the public transport systems, which include their rail and road networks, link the country to many other regions like the neighboring Zimbabwe (Ruiz-del-Solar, et. al. 2011). The plan for building the new stadium at Green Point aimed at creating a recreational and a sports facility within the urban parks situated in Cape Town (Leeman, 2010). The stadium to be built was to have a capacity of approximately 68,000 fans and was supposed to link the waterfronts of Victoria and Alfred (Bowdin, 2010). The major objective of building the new stadium is enhancing the regional capabilities already existing in this region and not detracting from the other facilities as they enhance the values of the neighborhood for their populations benefit (Jennings & Jordan-Zachery, 2010). While designing the stadium, several principles were considered including their compliance to the technical and fa cility requirements of FIFA (Young, 2010). The principles utilized also considered the building and infrastructure the stadium, the areas security, accessibility, capacity and seating orders (Tait & Van Der Spuy, 2010). The legacy of the stadium created ensures that the impacts of building the new stadium will have long term effects. The legacy plans included compliance standards in the regions public transport systems, their training venues, accommodation, renewable energy, waste and water management and their environment (Leeman, 2010). Upgrading the regions public transport was among their most pressing of challenges in enabling the spectators to attend the world cup matches in environments that are safe and car free (Jennings & Jordan-Zachery,

Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Code of Ethics - Essay Example rofessional and personal relationships or between professional interests and other individual businesses in relation to duties and responsibilities given in the company. This includes avoiding investments, interest or interferences of association. All employees must provide complete, accurate, fair, understandable and timely report or document disclosure required by the company or hand them over to the SEC or other public communications of the company. It is prudent to comply with all the company rules and regulations that relate to the federal state, public regulation agencies and local governments that affect the conduct of the company’s business. All employees must act responsibly, with due care and in good faith upholding competence and diligence without the use of independent judgment and misrepresenting material facts. It is important for all employees to respect the confidentiality of information received in the course of work unless authorized or obligated legally to disclose the information. It is within the professional ethics to share knowledge and maintain relevant skills for carrying out individual duties in the company’s scope. Promote ethical behavior proactively among peers, colleagues and work groups in the work community and environment. All employees must promptly report to the Audit committee any information concerning any kind of fraud either in the management or in other employees that have significant impact in the Company’s financial report. Any significant deficiencies in design and operations of internal controls that may affect the Company’s ability to record, process summarize and report financial

Discuss the concept of national identiy in the Iliad and the Aeneid Essay

Discuss the concept of national identiy in the Iliad and the Aeneid - Essay Example People of a certain region had their own national symbols and Iliad as it is said to be based on arguably historical facts, it had much of national romanticism in it. Even though Homer was Greek, he writes Iliad with impartiality towards Trojans too. The work covers one incident of Agamemnon's refusal to return Chryseis to her father; then his decision to take Breseis, Achilles' girl in the place of Chryseis, because he had to return his own to stop Greeks from dying due to some obscure disease and thus creating hatred in Achilles who refuses to fight and this resulting in diminishing Greek strength and increasing Hector's and Trojans'. It also covers Achilles' dilemma about fighting or not fighting, his mother's prophecy etc. Talking about national identity, one can get surplus of it from Trojans and Greeks both. Actually Greeks fight with Trojans because it was a foreigner, Paris, who had taken Helen from her husband, as they were honor-bound to do so according to the oath and thei r existence was within the national framework of the same identity. Paris was from another state and they felt a common hatred towards him. At the same time, Trojans fought the war, because they were united against the Greeks, who did not belong to their culture and the threat was against an action of their prince Paris. Even though the war (around 1200 BC) was about Helen and Paris, it lasted another ten years not because of the desire to bring Helen back, but because of the national identity and national pride that the war had unleashed. Both the armies fought for their own dignity and pride and Helen was simply an excuse. They did not want to end the war, because they did not want to hurt their national dignity. They dreaded the bad name that might get attached to their region and their clan. So, both the sides had to win the war somehow and thus, it went on beyond all expectations. At the end of it all, Trojans burn the Hector's dead body as though it was a national event that u nified them even in their disastrous defeat. We can see that the funeral of their adored Prince resurrects their national identity once again. "And then they gathered again in due order and held a glorious feast in the house of Priam, the god-ordained king" (410). Heroes like Achilles, Hector, and even Paris are there because of the national identity. What we see here is a pure and undiluted form of national identity, and the glorification of the nation that has already existed before the war and gave strength to it. Another classic, Vergil's Aeneid, has similarly strong national identity attached to it. Here it is the Roman nation, though provisional, against other ethnicities like Trojan, Italian, Greek and Carthaginian. But the national identity here is not what we see in Iliad. This roman identity is not absolutely stable, but adaptable. While Homer simply expresses the already existing national identities impartially, Vergil tries to build the state's identity by demonizing other states. This is another kind of narrative and is a powerful story, and pitted against to Aeneid, Iliad becomes a sincere report. People who have 'failed' in their duties towards the state are treated abominably by all the sides. While talking about war prisoners and the way of dehumanising them, the principle employed here is that they have failed in saving their national pride

Pepsi Next Dancing Baby Essay Example for Free

Pepsi Next Dancing Baby Essay There are several different types of advertising in the world today, like newspaper ads and magazine ads. Then there are commercials, they can be very manipulative in persuading specific audiences to buy their products. In the Pepsi Next â€Å"Dancing Baby† commercial, they use what is called a trick image. It is the funniest part of the commercial and is what makes it so appealing. This trick image is the baby in the back ground dancing and doing tricks; it is very eye catching and hilarious in my opinion. This commercial uses different types of appeals to make it more interesting. The husband and wife mention some of the statistics about the product to help enhance Pepsi Next. The target audience is parents of children six months to one year of age and new mothers trying to lose weight. This commercial affects me positively because it is funny and the statistics are true. In the Pepsi Next â€Å"Dancing Baby† commercial, the scene is set in what looks to be a small apartment. The apartment has an open floor plan, and the commercial is set mainly in the living room and kitchen area. The first shot is in the living room area of the mother and her young child, about six months to one year old. The mother is talking to the baby and taking pictures of him. Then the father enters the apartment with three twelve packs of Pepsi Next and one can tucked under his chin as he walks to the counter to set them down. The man seems very enthusiastic about the product as he tells his wife that he bought Pepsi Next. He proceeds to tell her that it has sixty percent less sugar and that it taste like real cola. She does not believe that it taste like real cola if it has sixty percent less sugar. So she tries the Pepsi Next and is so mesmerized by it taste of real cola that neither her nor the father of the baby realize that the baby is dancing and doing the worm in the background. This is a trick image in the commercial because everyone knows that a baby is not capable of doing all these things. This trick image is what makes this advertisement so interesting and humorous to most people. There are a number of things that contribute to making Pepsi Next appealing in the commercial. There are the predominant colors in the room, which are orange, blue, and red. Other than the colors and the dancing baby, there are also the facts that are mentioned in the commercial by the mother and father. They tell us that the new Pepsi Next has sixty percent less sugar and that is still has that real cola taste. Toward the end of the commercial these words are also shown for us to read. The phrase â€Å"Drink it to believe it†, this infers that the viewer must try the product to believe that it does taste like real cola even though it has sixty percent less sugar. In this commercial they use different types of appeals. One of the appeals used is humor. In the commercial this appeal is the dancing baby in the back ground it catches the viewer’s attention. The second appeal used is exaggeration, which is the baby unrealistically dancing in the back ground in the advertisement. Third is brand appeal; n this commercial they use the Pepsi Next colors as predominant colors and close ups on the twelve packs of Pepsi Next to make a brand statement. The fourth one is the play on words/words appeal, they use a catchy phrase to convey a message like in this commercial â€Å"Drink it to believe it†. Last but not least is statistics, in this advertisement they use statistics, like sixty percent less sugar, to show the aspects of the product. These appeals all help to enhance the product being sold, because the viewer’s learn the facts about Pepsi Next and enjoy a good laugh. This commercial is targeted toward two audiences. One is parents of children six months of age to one year old. I believe this audience is targeted because of the fact that the commercial revolves around the baby and the Pepsi Next. I think that parents of young children would be more inclined to buy this product because of the dancing baby. The second is new mothers trying to lose weight. This is because of the facts that are mentioned in the commercial. It mentions numerous times that it has sixty percent less sugar and that it taste like real cola. New mothers trying to lose weight would be interested in this product because they can still have that great taste but with less sugar, and that will help them to lose weight. This advertisement affects me positively because I am one of the targeted audiences. I say this because I am a mother of young children and I will soon be a new mother again and will be trying to lose weight after she arrives. There are many different types of advertisements in the world today. Commercials are one of the most manipulative ways to advertise because commercials appeal to the viewers in a totally different way, other than just reading or looking at a picture. In the Pepsi Next commercial â€Å"Dancing Baby† they use a trick image. This trick image is what makes the commercial so appealing to its specific audience. The trick image is the baby in the back ground dancing around, it is very eye catching and hilarious. They mention some of the statistics about the product and use many different appeals to help enhance their product, Pepsi Next. The target audience is parents of children six months to one year of age and new mothers trying to lose weight. This commercial affects me positively because it is funny and the statistics are true.

Impacts on Quality of Life Among School Children

Impacts on Quality of Life Among School Children PAVITRA A/P INDRAJOTHY INTRODUCTION It is the truth to say that children are our future and if that is true, more time and energy should be put into the beginning stages of each childs life. The early years of a child’s life are the most important in terms of their general well being, their emotional and social development, and their physical, intellectual and emotional growth. Children develop at different paces and a very high proportion of what they learn takes place in the first five to seven years of life. What happens in the home is extremely important to development in early childhood. There are things that can and should be done to help each child live a life that is productive and beneficial to those that they will interact with in their future. There are many aspects in todays world that make the quality of life of school children better and meaningful. For instance of aspects that can affect quality of life are obesity, bullying, lifestyle, emotional problems, divorce, socio cultural home environment, child abuse, oral health and back pain. First and foremost, there are reports saying that obese children demonstrate more negative self-perceptions, decreased self-worth, increased behavioural problems, lower self-esteem and lower body esteem and perceived cognitive ability. However, because of methodological limitations, definitions of obesity that differ with current recommendations and with non-validated measurements of health related quality of life, it is difficult to generalize the conclusions of these studies (Friedlander et al., 2003). According to research done by Nathan Woon in year 1981, Peninsular Malaysia is a multi-racial country of 12 million people, 41% of whom are less than 14 years of age (Vital Statistics Peninsular Malaysia 1975-Department of Statistics, Malaysia). The population consists of three main ethnic groups: the Malays (53%), the Chinese (35%) and the Indians (11%) (Vital Statistics, Peninsular Malaysia, 1975). Whilst in recent years, there has been an increasing tendency for the various ethnic groups to intermingle and to respect and understand the various cultures and traditions that coexist within the country, in the specific area of child rearing, as with marriages, deep-rooted traditions and customs continue to remain a crucial factor and probably contribute, to some extent, to the pattern and incidence of child abuse in the various races. Bullying has been conceptualized globally as acting in any way that threatens or hurts someone less powerful. Furthermore, bullying also can be distinguished among the different way in which aggressive acts are performed. There are different types of bullying which is physical, verbal, or indirect bullying. Furthermore, distinctions among aggressor’s possible aims can also be made. For instance, bullying physically to hurt the victim or for damage the victim’s relationship with others (Rigby, 2003). Next, parental separation is usually the first major and drastic change in a child’s life. This distressing event drastically alters the family’s future, bringing to a sense of loss due to interference in daily routines as well as absence of daily contact with both parents (Eymann et al., 2009). Lastly, obesity, dental caries and periodontal diseases are among major public health concerns which may affect children’s growth and development. Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits could lead to poor oral hygiene statuses and increase the tendency to develop periodontitis and obesity at young ages (Anand et al., 2014). DISCUSSION OBESITY Worldwide estimates of childhood obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the present era and it causes serious consequences in the later years (Anand et al., 2014). According to Friedlander et al., childhood obesity is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence; approximately 30% of US school-aged children are defined as overweight or at risk for overweight. Anand and Friedlander states that overweight children are more likely to suffer from a range of chronic health problem such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnoea and asthma. They also concluded that children who are overweight are more likely to become overweight adults. There was a study conducted by Friedlander et al. among 371 students aged 8-10 years old excluding those who had sleep apnoea or who were born prematurely. Based on BMI categories of the study, 17.5% of the children were overweight, 12.4% were at risk for overweight, 8.1% were underweight, and 62.0% were of normal weight. Moreover, children who are overweight have a 2 to 4 times increased odds of having low scores for physiological health, self-esteem, and physical functioning. Similarly, children who are at risk for being overweight have higher odds of having low physical functioning scores. Furthermore, lower self-esteem also was observed in children who are underweight. Children with higher BMIs are more likely than normal weight children to be perceived by their parents as having feelings of anxiety and depression, of exhibiting aggressive or immature behaviour, as having role limitations in their schoolwork and social activities, and as having low self-esteem. And, their parents also report higher levels of emotional distress and little personal time because of their children’s health or behaviour (Friedlander et al., 2003). As a suggestion, if the child or teenager is overweight, further weight gain can be prevented. Parents can help their children in maintaining their weights in the healthy range. In infancy, breastfeeding and delaying introduction of solid foods may help in preventing obesity. In early childhood, children should be given healthy, low-fat snacks and they should be allowed to take part in moderate-vigorous physical activity every day. Older children can be taught to select healthy, nutritious foods and to develop good exercise habits (Anand et al., 2014). BULLYING Bullying invariably involve an imbalance of power in which the aggressor is more powerful than the victim. Moreover, bullying occurs when there is conflict between people of unequally power (Rigby, 2003). As identified by Rigby in year 2003, four categories of negative health conditions are low psychological well-being, poor social adjustment, psychological distress and physical unwellness. Low psychological well-being includes states of mind that are generally considered unpleasant but not acutely distressing, such as general unhappiness, low self-esteem, and feelings of anger and sadness. Next, poor social adjustment normally includes feeling of loathing toward one’s social environment, evident through expressed dislike for workplace or school, manifest loneliness, segregation and absenteeism. Moreover, psychological distress is considered more serious than the low psychological well-being and poor social adjustment categories and comprises high levels of depression, anxiety and suicidal thinking. Last but not least, physical unwellness can determine by precise signs of physical disorder, evident in medically diagnosed illness. Furthermore, psychosomatic symptoms also can be incorporated in this category. Various strategies or treatment should be considered and give a thought to reduce the chances of a child’s further severe involvement in bullying that can worsen the child’s condition. The approach include helping victimized children to evolve self-protective assertiveness skills and working therapeutically with bullying children to create a greater awareness of the repercussion of their antisocial behaviour (Rigby, 2003). LIFESTYLE Television is still the most widely-viewed screen worldwide. Globally, people are spending more time sitting at work and at home, and there’s mounting evidence that this â€Å"sit time† is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. Sedentary activities not only TV watching, but also working at desk jobs, using computers, playing video games and driving cars. Increasingly, there’s evidence that watching TV and, especially, watching junk food ads on TV promotes obesity by changing mainly as to what and how much people eat (Anand et al., 2014). Too much television viewing among children has been linked with inadequate study patterns. Inappropriate television-viewing has been linked to erratic sleep/wake schedules and poor sleep quality, violent or aggressive behaviour, substance use, sexual activity resulting in decreased school performance or even school drop-out (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS Conditions which cause emotional problems in children such as chronic neglect, sexual abuse, parents getting divorced or losing a sibling might cause long term distress resulting in academic underachievement. Besides that, children can face severe emotional upheavals during the treatment of chronic health impairments such as asthma, cancer, cerebral palsy, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, hemophilia, rheumatic diseases, or thallasemia, resulting in low self-esteem and loss of motivation to study (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). As recommended by Karande Kulkarni in year 2005, children with emotional problems need counselling sessions with a child psychologist or a child psychiatrist. Depending on the severity, at times, appropriate medications (anxiolytics, antidepressants) may be needed. DIVORCE As emphasizes by Eymann et al. in year 2009, divorce is becoming increasingly common in our society, seriously affecting all parties involved, especially children. There were studies conducted in USA and in Europe and roughly calculated that 30 to 50% of children will suffer the effect from a divorce, almost same rates have been reported in Argentina. Eymann et al. conducted a study at the Hospital Italiano, Argentina. A total of 330 families were invited to take part and only 313 completed the questionnaire; 160 from married family and 153 from divorced family. They defined divorced family (DF) as parents who choose to stay at separate residence regardless of legal marital status while married family (MF) as parents who choose to share residence with their children regardless of legal marital status. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychological quality of life among school aged children of divorced parents by using Child Health Questionnaire – Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF 50). The results showed that CHQ-PF 50 scores were higher in children of MF than in those of DF for various domains, such as self-esteem, time impact on family, mental health, behaviour, social-emotional functioning and behaviour, and lastly the psychosocial summary score joining all these factors. As proved in the results, boys had poorer psychosocial quality of life than girls. This was explained perhaps by the effects of less daily father-child connection on gender-specific identity traits. Furthermore, it is well known that separated mothers who have legal child custody usually suffer a greater slope in their standard of living. Norton Glick and Duncan et al. have clearly proved the unfavourable economic repercussion of divorce on child well-being. In this study, maternal remarriage didn’t appear to influence quality of life of child. Maternal remarriage could impact children who must readapt to new family basis and dynamics. However, a new partner perhaps could provide additional financial support since parental separation usually involves a fall in family income. Moreover, the new couple may construct an improved marital relationship, hence could minimize the distressing emotional burden on children and making the stepfather as a positive and ideal role model (Eymann et al., 2009). Lastly, in this study, separation by mutual agreement because of higher maternal education or maternal university education level and longer the length of time passed since separation has inclined psychosocial quality of life scores, while scores declined in boys and for each one-year increment of maternal age. Eymann et al. proves that higher maternal educational level could give positive impact on psychosocial quality of life, which may be explained as a consequence of the skills build through education years, allowing better and organized control of the marital problems and crisis and greater agreement on conflict issues (Eymann et al., 2009). CHILD ABUSE A prospective study was made of all cases of child abuse seen at the University Hospital, between July 1978 and June 1980. A total of 19 cases, 16 of physical and 3 of sexual abuse were diagnosed during this period. The relatively high (32%) incidence of child abuse amongst Malay families was quite surprised, as Malay children are generally much loved and pampered. Nathan and Woon suspect that the increasing incidence of child abuse amongst the Malays is probably related to their urban migration in recent years with the resultant breakdown of the extended family system and the need to cope with the pressures of life in an unfamiliar urban setting (Nathan Woon, 1981). The commonest injuries found on admission were bruises and injuries to the face and scalp. The majority of the abusers in our series were parents, the ratio of father to mother being. Both social and personal factors in the life of the abuser seem to contribute to the act of child abuse. Marital disharmony appears to feature prominently amongst the interpersonal problems, while two abusers gave a history of having been abused physically during their early childhood (Nathan Woon, 1981). SOCIOCULTURAL HOME ENVIRONMENT It has been recognized that children from poor socioeconomic status families have higher chances of poor school performance. Malnutrition due to poverty coupled with low education and status of parents adversely affect their cognitive development. Such children also have higher chances of experiencing, right from their pre-school years, parental attitudes which do not motivate them to study and an unsatisfactory home environment which does not encourage learning (witnessing domestic violence, family stressors, and adverse life events). Alleviation of hunger, by providing one balanced meal in school is one of the mechanisms to improve academic achievement in undernourished low-income elementary school children (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). Besides that, many of these disadvantaged children are studying in English medium schools as their parents believe that this would help them progress in life. These children face the added burden of language barrier, namely, they are not conversant in English as they came from non-English speaking families, which leads to poor school performance or even school failure. Parents of children with language barrier should be counselled to educate their children in their own language medium schools or to attend a facility for language stimulation if that is available and affordable (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). ORAL HEALTH In the research carried out by Anand et al. in year 2014, they noticed that poor oral hygiene statuses in children who spent more time watching television, playing video games, as their consumption of soft drinks and fast foods was more and due to lack of adequate exercise. BACK PAIN Musculoskeletal pain is exceedingly common in young adults. A questionnaire survey was carried out by Brattberg in year 1994 among children 8, 11, 13 and 17 years old. The prevalence of back pain and headaches among 1,245 Swedish school children was studied. 29% of the students reported back pain and 48% headache. In all age groups studied, both back pain and headaches were more common among girls than boys. Girls also reported more frequent symptoms than boys (Brattberg, 1994). CONCLUSION Children who are at risk for or who are overweight having odds 2 to 4 times greater for lower health related quality of life scores for physiological health, self esteem and physical functioning. Parents of children who are overweight also were more likely to evidence higher levels of emotional distress because of their children’s health. Being relatively underweight also was associated with lower self-esteem (Friedlander et al., 2003). Ken Rigby in year 2003 concluded that being victimized by peers is notably related to relatively low levels of psychological well-being and social adjustment and lastly to high levels of psychological distress and unfavourable physical health symptoms. Eymann et al. in year 2009 concluded that children’s psychosocial quality of life was affected by divorce. Psychosocial quality of life improved when parents had divorced by mutual agreement, the mother had a university education, when more time had elapsed since separation and was poorer in boys and in children of older mothers. And, quality of life can be improved as more time elapses after the divorce, this is because may be it can be interpreted as a process of accepting the family modification. And lastly, poor oral hygiene was observed in children who spent more time in leisure activities and that lifestyle factors could make an impact on oral hygiene and periodontal health. A need exists for addressing obesity, oral health and nutrition, jointly in health promotion strategies, to improve well-being of children and also to empower good life-style factors (Anand et al., 2014).

Organizational Behaviour And Employee Development Business Essay

Organizational Behaviour And Employee Development Business Essay Can managers create employee motivation? Discuss with reference to the theoretical material outlined in the module. Motivation is the driving force in which human being achieve their goals. Motivation is the power that strengthens behavior, gives the route to the behavior and it triggers the tendency to continue. Motivation is a course that is concerned with a kind of strength that boosts the performance and directs one towards accomplishing some definite target. Motivation is a force that helps individual to achieve their desires. It is a strength that helps individual to stay focus and determined. Over the years many authors have defined motivation but up till date there is no single definition for motivation. According to Goddard et al (2006) it is an accumulation of diverse routes which put across and manipulates our activities to attaining some particular ambitions. However, despite different definition of motivation there are some common concerns expressed such as the individua lity phenomenon. Individual can be motivated differently due to their behavior, attitudes, goals and values. Employee behaviors can be change toward achieving success in an organization by applying a sort of motivation. Employee motivation is one of the policies that managers use to increase the effectual job management among the employees in the organization. An employee who is motivated is responsive of the goals and objectives that she or he must achieve and she therefore directs her efforts towards that direction. Motivation usually formulates an organization more successfully because the provoked employees are constantly looking for the improved practices to do the work. It is therefore important for organization to persuade employees motivation. One key factor in employee motivation is the opportunity that the employees want to continue to develop and grow the job and career enhancing skills. According to Goddard et al (2006) training is the planned intervention which is designed to enhance the determinants of an individuals job performance. Managers are individuals that are responsible for heading organizations. Managers are also accountable for overseeing of the various departments within an organization. In any organization, the management of employees should be the first priority of all managers. How employees functions within the organization is highly dependent on the relationship that they have with the management. Managers thus play a vital role in motivating employees. A motivated employee will be more productive and effective in his work station than an employee with strained relations with the manager. Managers should strive to maintain a positive relationship as such productive relationships enable managers to accomplish the organizational goals and objectives. Effective management allows managers to capitalize on the strengths of individuals employees. A manager can motivate his employees to use their strengths to see a business venture succeed. The success of a manager in encouraging his employees to be pro ductive translates to success in the organizational operations as the company is able to attain its set goals and objectives. Managers who have a vision for their organization can create employee motivation that will see an organization soar and become successful. According to McGregory (1960), the management should strive to organize the element of productive enterprise which includes the finances, raw materials, resources and the people within the organization. It is only through the proper management of these elements of productive enterprise that a manager can effectively lead an organization towards reaching its economic ends. The people within an organization refer to employees. The management is responsible for the direction, motivation and control of the actions of its employees  [i]  . The behavior of employees within an organization is reflective of the kind of leadership and management that persists within the organization. The active intervention of the management in the functioning of employees within an organization reduces the risks of resistance among employees. According to McGregory (1960) employees need to be persuaded, rewarded, directed, punished and controlled by the management. Managers need to establish the ideal approach to use so as to motivate employees to work harder and efficiently within the organization. The hard approach of management involves the use of coercion, threats and extreme control to get functions of the organization operational. The hard approach to management of employees may bear result, but it breeds negativity such as demoralization of employee, high employee turn out and sabotage of organization objectives. Alternatively, employees can choose to select the soft approach of managing employees. The soft approach of management involves satisfying employee demands, and emphasizing on harmony. The soft approach may be the ideal strategy, though it can also lead to abdication of management and indifferent performance. Managers should thus strive to establish a firm but fair approach that adopts bits of the hard and the soft approach of management of employees. Managers can also motivate its employees by considering the diverse needs of employees as presented in Maslows theory of human motivation. Managers should ensure that employees are able to meet their physiological needs by working in the organization. The job description that an individual undertake should be satisfactory enough in terms of financial benefits. An employee would be motivated to perform if his job enables him to meet his basic needs. Other needs such as safety needs, love needs and esteem needs. The management can motivate employees by reviewing the esteem needs of employees. This can be done by giving recognition to employees for their efforts. Managers should also hold each of employees with equal importance so as to motivate each to work in their respective work stations. Employees must be able to work in organizations that allow self actualization. Employees need to have a sense of growth and development as they work in their organizations. Managers can achieve thi s by engaging employees in strategies such as training and development programs. Employees will be motivated to work for institutions that give them a chance to grow. Managers must strive to see their employees receive training and educational opportunities as they work in the organization. The ability of an employee to shift from one job description to another motivates them to remain productive and efficient. Managers should motivate employees to perform by creating career growth opportunities. Training program within the organization are indicators that a manager desires to retain its employees. It is also an indicator that the management desires to take its employees to greater levels of achievement. Managers should ensure that the organization embraces an elaborate training system from the time an employee is hired. How the organization orientate a new employee is critical on the success of the organization. An orientation activity can drive or destroy employee relationships, which in turn affect their motivation and performance within the organization. Alderfer (1972) presents an alternative look of the human needs rather than the one provided by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs. Alderfers theory is known as the Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) theory. The existence category as provided by Alderfer refers to the basic needs that human begins desire for so as to survive. These are basic needs such as food and shelter as provided in Maslows physiological and safety needs. Just like in Maslows an individual will be motivated to work for an organization that enable him to satisfy these needs. With this in mind manager should ensure that they adopt a pay system that guarantees reasonable payment to employees. The second category refers to needs associated, with relatedness and ability to form personal relationships. Managers should be able to create an environment that fosters unity and a sense of belonging among employees. A sense of belonging leads to productivity and performance as employees considers themselves a unit. The em ployees, as a unit, strive to achieve the organizations goals as well as set targets. An employee will be motivated to operate in an environment with warmth rather than hostility and conflict. Vroom (1964) the expectancy theory looked at how individual perceived the attractiveness of reward and how to achieve it. Individuals work in an organization with the intention of benefiting in one way. The reward system covers the drive to acquire among employees within an organization. Managers should strive to establish an elaborate reward scheme that note high performers and low performance. Rewards in the form of commissions and compensation packages to high performing employees motivate the winners to keep up the exemplary work. Similarly, those identified as average or low performers will strive to work harder. Subsequently, the organization ends up with a highly motivated team that strives to achieve the overall goals of the organization. Rewards for performance motivate employees to achieve the target that managers set for the organization. It is the incentives that the managers offer to the employees that determines their levels of motivation to see the company achieve its targets. Some individual may also think that the target is unattainable therefore affecting their expectations of meeting the set target It is the responsibility of managers to ensure that they create a healthy relationship with the employees. Employees must be able to function where they can demonstrate their potential without barriers. Creating an environment where employees work at their level best means that there is minimal conflict. Conflict interferes with the work environment; managers should thus strive to ensure that all employees understand the need to avoid all forms of conflict and focus on working in unison. Employees must function in a scenario where they trust each other; where employees are comfortable working with each other. It is the presence of such environments that employees feel motivated to work and become fully committed to the responsibilities assigned to them. The manager plays a vital role in ensuring that employees have healthy relations at the workplace. The manger must take the role of the team leaders. As a team leader, he should strive to understand and know his employees well. It through understanding their employees well that the manager will understand the interests and specialization of each employees. He will then assign task and responsibilities based on the employees specialization. A motivated employee is one who is given an opportunity to demonstrate his potential, managers can encourage this by allowing employees to select task and responsibilities they believe they can perform best. Managers should also motivate their employees by being good role models. Manager should encourage team work and working towards one goal. He should also avoid negative subjectivism as well as partialities that strain relationships in the workplace. Acts of favoritism of some employees over others should be avoided. Managers should also strive to compliment employees when they perform exceptionally. Similarly, he should correct them when they fail to perform as expected. The model job characteristics which consist of five core dimension help to describes motivation in the context of job satisfaction. ( Hackman and Oldhams 1975). The five core dimensions that can be associated with job satisfaction levels of employees within an organization. The skill variety the extent to which an employee is required to used multiple or different level of skills. The core dimension is task identity this is where an individual is identifiable in completing a piece of work from start to finish. The third core dimension is task significance whether an individual job affect other people work which relate to the importance of the work. The fourth core dimension is autonomy the freedom or discretion for people to perform and organized work. The fifth core dimension the task feedback this is the feedback that employee receive after completion of task. It could also be feedback receive on job performance. The element of bonding within an organization determines the ability of employees to work together and achieve set goals. The sense of belonging that employees achieve within an organization determines their level of motivation. Managers can strive to enhance the motivation levels of employees by formulating an organization culture that promotes positive aspects of work such as team work, collaboration and friendship. Managers should strive to foster mutual reliance and friendship among employees. Employees must be able to recognize each other as not only co-workers, but also friends who they can entrust with their personal stories. The ability of implementing a strong culture that emphasizes on oneness encourages best practices within the organization. The third drive is the drive to comprehend events and situations that occur around human beings. It is by understanding different aspects of events that individuals are able to establish reasonable actions and responses. In the workplace, the drive to comprehend means that employees must be capable of making viable contributions. Manager should be able to create job descriptions that pose a challenge to the employees. Challenging job descriptions give employees an opportunity to learn and grow. It also eliminates the risk of monotony which discourages employees as they feel trapped and without any prospects of growth  [ii]  . Managers should also strive to give employees job designs that are distinct and give important roles for employees within the organization. The job designs must be meaningful so that employees get a sense of purpose within the organization. Employees must be able to see that there are integral parts of the organization due to the specific role they are under taking within the organization. Creating a feeling of security and confidence Manager should ensure that they participate in transparent performance management and resource allocation process. Employees who are certain of their job security regardless of business actions such as mergers and acquisitions are motivated to perform rather than employees that are unsure of their future within the organization. Managers should ensure that they engage in fair organizational process. If the management intends to engage in a retrenchment exercise for instance, they should strive to ensure all employees comprehend the need of the restricting exercise and the effects of the process  [iii]  . Manager should also be just and transparent in processes such as rewarding and recognizing employees for their efforts within the organization. According to Gitman, McDaniel, (2008) managers who desire to motivate their employees to perform exemplary must be able to detect talent among employees. A manager can detect positive traits among a few employees. Instead of picking out the exemplary employees from the rest, an ideal manager will formulate a strategy to capitalize on these unique traits. The manager must determine an effective strategy to capture a talent and turn it into performance. In any organization, it is impossible to find employees that function the same way. Employees exhibit different skills and talents that a manager must be able to tap and use to realize the company success. A manager that focuses on employee strength is able to lead the employee to success. The manager is also able to encourage employees to embrace the spirit of team work that they can rely on so as to achieve organizational objectives. Conclusion Employees are valuable assets of any institution; it is the responsibility of management, to ensure that he employees have the morale to work and see the organization soar to success. Managers should take a hand-on approach in their management efforts. Employees need to see their managers putting as much effort in seeing the company succeeds. Manager should be the role models of their employees by guiding them through hardships of employment. Managers can also select the ideal approach to handle the employees. The hard approach may appear too dictatorial, whereas the soft approach may lead to lack of seriousness on the part of the employees. A middle stand enables the managers to be strict, but helpful to employees to achieve their greatest potential. Managers should also consider having a training and development strategy to assist its employees grow. Employees will be motivated to work for an employer who takes the time to see their employees grow and develop in their career paths. Managers must also adopt reasonable pay and compensation packages that will motivate employees to perform. The pay and compensation package must be one that enables employees to meet their basic needs and also secure their future. Reference Alderfer, C. (1972). Existence, relatedness and growth: human needs in organizational settings. London: New York: free press. Bratton (2007) extract from motivation at work, in work and organizational behavior, pp257-269, 272-273 and 487-519. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Gitman, L. McDaniel, C. (2008). The future of business. ASTD Publishers Herzberg, F. (1962) work and the nature of man. London: staple press. Cengage learning Maslow, A. (1943) a theory of human motivation, psychology review 50:370-396. McGregor, D. (1960) the human side of enterprise. New York: London: Mcgraw-hill Lauby, S. (2005). Motivating employees. Cengage Learning Vroom, V. (1964) work and motivation, New York: Wiley

Functions of Management Essay -- Business Management

There is no one definition for the term management. However, Fayol (1916) defined the term management as; â€Å"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.† Mc Ilwee.T and Roberts I, (1991): p.g117 Management is not standardized and is undertaken at all levels of the organization, as it is an integrating activity. Managers have to manage in order to achieve the overall objectives and strategy of the firm. All firms are seeking effective managers, and the quality of management is a key element of business success. The four functions of management are essential to building strong teams and stronger organizations. Common to all managers, the four functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The aforementioned functions of the manager are the activities, which all managers must perform regardless of the industry, the level, the title, or the activity in which engaged. In this paper we will be examining all four of these ingredients and then we will apply them to real world examples. These four things are used any time when initiating a new project or dealing with any change, which we all know is constant. A lot of us may be all ready using or have seen others, but just never noticed it or didn't know how to identify the methods. Let us start by looking at the definitions and examples of each. Planning Planning is the function of â€Å"doing.† It’s the first management function both because it lays the groundwork for all o...

Indie Music :: essays research papers

I heard the term "indie" bounced around a lot these days and I wonder what the definition of indie is. I think of it as a reference to a musician, small record label or film company without an affiliation with a major corporation. I read this article by Bob Baker, the author of "Branding Yourself Online: How to Use the Internet to Become a Celebrity or Expert in Your Field" and the "Guerrilla Music Marketing Handbook." He defines I-N-D-I-E as: I - Inspired He said to embrace the indie frame of mind, you must be inspired. You have to know in your gut that music is what you are meant to do. You must become energized when writing, recording and performing your music. When this kind of natural inspiration comes over you, it's a sure sign that you're on the right path. And you will need this desire to carry you through the ups and downs of pursuing the independent music path. N - Nontraditional Indie musicians don't mind learning about what has come before, and they are happy to listen to the "rules" that others say are required to have a successful music career. However, the smartest indie artists keep their minds flexible and constantly ask questions about how the supposed "rules" of the past really apply to them. They actually develop a mindset that seeks out the road less traveled. And when they spot a good idea that's off the traditional path, they fearlessly go after it without apologies. D - Determined Successful indie artists are fixated on their goals and determined to reach them. They still leave room to veer from the original plan, when needed, but they are steadfast in their desire to produce more and better music, reach more fans, sell more CDs, etc. With this attitude, obstacles become short-term learning experiences along the road to higher levels of success. I - Innovative Being an indie means thinking outside of the proverbial box and looking at fresh opportunities from every angle. It means not promoting yourself the same way a thousand other acts have done it.

Pedro Paramo Essay

The novel Pedro Paramo is about a young man who loses his mother and decides to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead dies of fear and finds out his father is dead. A central theme that runs through Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo is the nature of hope and despair in a person’s life, which Rulfo demonstrates by Pedro Paramo’s love for Susana, Juan Preciado’s journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juan’s desire for her deceased husband. Rulfo exhibits Pedro Paramo’s hope for a future with Susana as a sometimes- ositive nature followed by the negative nature of despair he experiences from her demise. Pedro talks about how he has hoped Susana would return to him after many years of being gone since they were children: â€Å"I waited thirty years for you to return, Susana. I wanted to have it all. Not just part of it, but everything there was to have, to the point that there would be nothing left for us to want, no desire but your wishes† (Rulfo 82). Pedro has been persistent about Susana’s return after a long thirty years. He has loved for Susana since their childhood when they flew kites together, and thinks she will come to ove him upon her return. He went through all the trouble to gain power and land out of the hope that Susana would return and he could meet any request she wished. Pedro is talking to Don Fulgor about the plan to get rid of Susana’s father Bartolome San Juan: â€Å"We need it to be so. She must be left without family. We’re called on to look after those in need. You agree with that, don’t you† (Rolfo 85)? Pedro still hopes that Susana will realize she needs to return to him and come to love him. He believes that it will be easier for her to realize this once Don Fulgor as an order kills her father in the mines. Once he is alone with Susana he plans to comfort her now that her father is not with her or a distraction anymore. Pedro is miserable because Susana has just died: â€Å"I will cross my arms and Comala will die of hunger. † (Rulfo 117) Pedro is mainly portrayed as a selfish man, but not when it comes to Susana. According to Dorotea Pedro really did love Susana and wanted the best for her. When she died he lost it, he plummeted into depression and did not speak to anyone, because Susana meant the most to him. He promised vengeance on the town of Comala for not caring enough about Susana’s death. He choose to sit down and watch Comala collapse, because no money would circulate through the town since he owned all of it. The character Juan is like Pedro because he based his choice to go on a journey on a ray of hope only to fall into the shadows of despair. Rulfo displays Juan Preciado’s search for his father in Comala is based on hope of finding answers to his questions about his father, but is greeted with melancholy news. Juan’s mother Doloritas has just died and she had asked him to go to Comala and make Pedro pay them back for not being there to be a husband or father: â€Å"But before I knew it y head began to swim with dreams and my imagination took flight. Little by Little I began to build a world around a hope centered of the man called Pedro Paramo, the man who had been my mother’s husband. That was why I had come to Comala† (Rulfo 3). Juan’s mother wanted him to go to Comala to get what he deserves from Pedro and receive payback, but Juan quickly changed his mind about why he was going to Comala. Juan has never seen his father so he is quite ecstatic to see who Pedro is and what he looks like. Juan hopes that he will arrive in Comala to find his father Pedro and start a ew life for himself, and that they will develop a father and son relationship. Juan has received some disappointing information about his father from Abundio: â€Å"You were mistaken about the house. You told me the wrong place. You sent me ‘south of nowhere,’ to an abandoned village. Looking for someone who’s no longer alive† (Rulfo 8). Juan is speaking to his mother aloud out of anger about why she sent him to a ghost town to look for someone who is not alive anymore. Abundio had told Juan that Pedro was dead and that he represented ‘living bile’ to him. Juan has been stripped of any hope he had about is plans to find his father Pedro and answer any questions. Juan is dead and is in a coffin talking with Dorotea: â€Å"You’d have done better to stay home. Why did you come here? I told you that at the very beginning. I came her to find Pedro Paramo, who they say was my father. Hope brought me here† (Rulfo 60). Juan reminds Dorotea that he came to Comala to find his father mainly because he had hope. It is tragic how Juan dies out of fear and without any hope but sorrow. Juan died with despair knowing that his father Pedro was a horrible man and a dead man. Juan has lost his own life and everyone close o him, just like Susana who has lost her lover and father only to loose her own life shortly after. Rulfo demonstrates that Susana San Juan hopes to reunite with her deceased husband due to her craziness, and that once she figures out he is dead she does not know how to live without him. Susana is in her home dreaming about her deceased husband Florencio: â€Å"And what I want is his body. Naked and hot with love; boiling with desire; stroking my trembling breast and arms. My transparent body suspended from his. My lustful body held and released by his strength† (Rulfo 100-101). Upon her return to Pedro Susana persistently hopes that her dead husband will return to her. She believes this because she was driven crazy by a series of grave robbing’s with her father at a young age. She hopes for his return so much that she often has intense dreams with detailed memories of her lover. Susana is in her bed thinking about her dream she just had: â€Å"What shall I do now with my lips without his lips to cover them? What shall become of my poor lips† (Rulfo 101)? Susana has now realized that her deceased husband Florencio will never come back to life. She has suddenly lost all of her hope and is now filled with espair and fear of what will come. She never plans on being with Pedro and worries about what will happen to her lips since her deceased husband is the only one she wanted kissing her lips. Pedro is thinking about Susana in his thoughts while she is sleeping: â€Å"But what world was Susana San Juan living in? That was one of the things Pedro Paramo would never know† (Rulfo 95). Susana might live in the normal world but does not act like it, because she has crazy thoughts and dreams. Pedro will never know what is going on with Susana. She is always thinking about her dead husband because she lives in denial and is on Fantasy Island. The novel Pedro Paramo was about a young man who lost his mother and decided to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead died of fear and found out his father was dead. Juan Rulfo used the concept of the nature of hope and despair in a person’s life as a central theme for Pedro Paramo, and demonstrated it by using Pedro Paramo’s love for Susana, Juan Preciado’s journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juan’s desire for her past husband. Rulfo’s novel Pedro Paramo is an insightful source of how quickly a person’s hope can be taken and turned into despair.

Research Synopsis Format Essay

Savings form an essential part of the parsimony of any nation. With the savings invested in various options available to the people, the bills acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents a plethora of avenues to the investors. Though certainly non the best or deepest of food markets in the founding, it has mediocre options for an ordinary man to invest his savings. adept needs to invest to and earn swallow on idle resources and generate a specified sum of m one(a)y for a specific goal in breeding and make a provision for an enigmatic coming(prenominal). One of the important reasons why one needs to invest wisely is to pertain the cost of inflation. Inflation is the rate at which the cost of alimentation increases.The cost of living is simply what it cost to cloud the trade goods and operate you need to live. Inflation causes money to tolerate value because it will not buy the same amount of a good or service in the future as it d oes now or did in the past. The sooner one starts investing the collapse. By investing early you allow your enthronements much judgment of conviction to grow, whereby the concept of compounding increases your income, by accumulating the principal and the interest or dividend clear on it, year after year.The triad g ageden rules for all investors are raiment early tog regularly Invest for long term and not for all of a sudden term This project will overly help to understand the investors facet forwards investing in any of the investment tools and thus to scrutinize the important aspects of the investors forward investing that further helped in analyzing the parity between the features of the products and the investors requirements.Who is investor? An investor is a person or entity that purchases additions with the objective of receiving a financial return. The assets an investor may buy range widely, but let in stocks, bonds, real estate, commodities, and collectibles (e .g. art). The portfolio of an investor commonly accommodates a build of assets that balance the rewards and risks of each investment. An investor is distinguished from a speculator, who seeks to make quick, large gains from price increases on risky assets. Generally, an investor has a longer time horizon for achieving a return, which may include regular cash payments from the income the asset generates, with child(p) appreciation from the rise in the asset price, or boStanding on the door of the economic revival of the Indian economy where the reco real and growth are already knocking at our door to present the new order with a throwaway of optimism. The potential of India as a market and as a manufacturing base continues to rive more and more interest of the world at large. Undoubtedly, lot of development is victorious place in the investment kind of the economy and its multiplier impact would be there to be witnessed over a period of years.Investment scenario is changing very rapidly. Emergence of modern instruments of investment ilk Mutual Funds, Systematic Investment Plan, run batted in Bonds, and Infrastructure Bonds proves to be a better option for the investors in comparison to the old instruments of investment such as furbish up deposits, savings, recurring deposits etc. This project deals with the entire study of these modern instruments in gaze of their returns, liquidity, and tenure & safety aspect etc.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Epilogue

My time in New York splendid the perils of my existence despite my good intentions, I am terrible to creation, and my brother is dangerous to eery bingle.And now? What does the future hold? My geezerhood seem to pass same(p) minutes. I suppose this means Im growing accustomed to the idea of eternity.I have deep in prospect(p) so much in the months since I became the creature I now am. scarcely I have fetched time. And with time, I gain opportunity. I will see Italy. And the domicile of Europe. I will travel the altogether arena. but I will never make a home among humans again.As for Damon I believe our bridle-path together is long and our story is non over yet. Should atomic number 53 of us ever fin whollyy come to his doom, it will entirely be the other who causes it.And in the place setting heralded by the faint inwardness of lemon and ginger will eternally be Katherine, laughing at both of us.Dont miss the new Vampire Diaries trilogy, The Hunters pick up an exclusive sneak peek of the premiere volume, PhantomElena Gilbert stepped onto a unflustered expanse of grass, the spongy blades collapsing beneath her feet. Clusters of ruby roses and violet delphiniums pushed up from the ground musical composition a giant canopy hung preceding(prenominal) her, twinkling with glowing lanterns. On the terrasse in front of her stood dickens trend white marble fountains that shot sprays of urine high into the air. Everything was beautiful, and elegant, and somehow familiar.This is Bloddeuwedds palace, a illustration in her head said. But when she had been here(predicate) last, the field had been crowded with laughing, dancing partygoers. They were departed now, though signs of their presence remained empty supply littering the tables set around the edges of the lawn, a aerodynamic shawl tossed over a chair, a lonely(prenominal) high-heeled shoe perched on the edge of a fountain.Something else was odd, too. Before, the scene had been lit by the satanic red light that illuminated everything in the Dark Dimension, turning blues to purples, whites to pinks, and pinks to the velvet-textured color of blood. Now a pull white light shone over everything, and a full white moon sailed calmly overhead.A whisper of movement came from so-and-so her, and Elena realized with a start that she wasnt merely after all. A dark infix was suddenly there, approaching her.Damon.Of course it was Damon, Elena thought with a smile. If anyone was going to appear unintentionally before her, here, at what felt like the end of the world or at least the hour after a good party had ended it would be Damon. God, he was so beautiful. Black on black soft black hair, eye black as midnight, black jeans, and a smooth leather jacket.As their eyeball met, she was so glad to see him that she could scarce breathe. She threw herself into his embrace, clasping him around the neck. She felt the lithe, hard muscles in his arms and chest as he held her tight.Damon, she said, her voice trembling for some reason. Her form was trembling, too, and Damon stroked her arms and shoulders, calming her.What is it, princess? Dont tell me youre acrophobic. He smirked lazily at her, but his pass on were strong and steady.I am afraid, she answered.But what atomic number 18 you afraid of?That left her throw for a moment. Then, slowly, putting her cheek against his, she said, Im afraid that this is just a dream. Ill tell you a secret, he said into her ear. You and I are the only real things here. Its everything else thats the dream.Just you and I? Elena echoed, an uneasy thought nagging at her, as though she was forgetting something or someone. A fleck of change landed on her dress, and she absently brushed it away.Its just the two of us, Elena, Damon said sharply. Youre mine. Im yours. Weve always loved separately other, since the beginning of time.Of course. That must be wherefore she was trembling it was joy. He was hers. She was his. They belonged together.She whispered one word, Yes.Then he kissed her.His lips were soft as silk, and when the kiss deepened, she tilted her head back, exposing her throat, anticipating the double over wasp-sting hed delivered so many times.When it didnt come, she opened her eye questioningly. The moon was fresh as ever, and the wreathe of roses hung heavy in the air. But Damons clear features were pale under his dark hair, and more than modify had landed on the shoulders of his jacket. totally at once, the little doubts that had been niggling at her came into clear focus.Oh, no. Oh, no.Damon, she gasped, looking for into his eyeball despairingly as tear filled her own. You cant be here, Damon. Youre dead.For more than cinque hundred years, princess. Damon flashed his blinding smile at her. I dont know why its such a shock to you.More ash was falling around them, like a fine gray rain. Like the ash Damons body was buried beneath, worlds and dimensions away.Damon, yo ure dead now. non undead, but gone.No, Elena Yes. Yes I held you as you died. Elena was cocksucker helplessly. She couldnt feel Damons arms at all now. He was disappearing into shimmering light.Listen to me, Elena She was guardianship moonlight. Anguish caught at her heart. every last(predicate) you carry to do is call for me, Damons voice said. All you needHis voice faded into the hygienic of wind rustling through the trees. Elenas eyes snapped open. The room was full of sunlight, and a ample crow was perched on the sill of her open window. A cloud must have gone over the sun for a moment, the world was dim.The crow tilted its head to one side and gave another croak, watching her with bright eyes.A cold chill ran tear down her spine. Damon? she whispered.But the crow just air its wings and flew away.

Coke Zero Essay

1. Some industry analysts think soft-drink companies should develop products how that will bring new customers into the market rather than just creating variants on the old. They warn deeds that products like Coke Zero will cannibalize epic lost market share from other soft drink different categories instead of increasing the number of consumers overall. Which Coca-Cola products what are most likely to lose customers to Coke Zero?Since hot Coke Zero is targeting Men, I think that medical regular Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, and Diet metallurgical Coke Plus will all lose some of their customers to Coke Zero.So as a consequence, it was born.I consider also disagree with Coca-Cola company targeting only men – I first think they should promote it to women as well. They really do have a great affect when the word â€Å"zero† is in it’s name. Men aren’t the only ones that want to lose a few extra pounds while still enjoying a Coca-Cola carbonated beverage – they just don’t want all the extra calories or sugar.3.Its possible that Sprite Zero and several others may wind up becoming Sprite equal Zero Sugar and other variants on.

Coke No white Sugar is sold in 25 markets, but it is easy going to be known as Coke absolute Zero Sugar in the uk and the usa.Despite the fact deeds that merchandise are being marketed by Coca cold Cola all around the globe theyve utilized promotion techniques wired and different advertisements across the world.The next explanation is that individuals who drink Coke are not likely to deadly forfeit Cokes taste.Coke, needless to say, learned the difficult way that the first great majority of Coke drinkers do not total want Coke to be cool, they would like it to be Coke.

If once again its consumed in moderation, diet Coke is likewise not good bad for your wellbeing.Both Coke Zero and fat Diet Coke will nevertheless be available.In a statement on their site, the brand explains the gap between both much-loved cans.Because they will be gone 21, if you are seeking to find any metallurgical Coke Zero goods, then you must last get them.

Mozart: Symphony #33 in B Flat, Allegro Assai Analysis

E- fetch upeavor II Mozart medicinal drug 33 In B Flat, K 319 1. fast Assai ske allowal frame summary Sonata compliance (Time)(Form)(2 or 3 reasons for placing variability here) description 0. 00 guinea pig 1 line of work aerial, simple, sequencing and repetition caryopsis fallible to brusquely heartr closing curtain dynamics lilliputian letter from lenient to Subito loud unanimity major(ip) with hapless s engager excerpts 135 link railway line Modulates, unfeignedly short metric grain Continues to go from groundless to big(a) 205 make-up II assembly line unfermented darker stock metric grain Thicker texture, much deed capital of in the altogether Hampshire secondary and moves to major 219 time hold backs in a V to I CadenceDEVELOPMENT 229 nurture note Playful, thematic schooling of T1, passed rough the orchestra cereal lessen, bit by bit gets thicker and very(prenominal) healthy harmoniousness major(ip), modulates forever and a day in instrumental sections 328 touchst matchless(a) V to I End in ripening crease 1 palingenesis 44 radix 1 bloodline recur of point 1 food grain ab expose superposable to line consent major(ip) with short kidskin Excerpts 516 duetwork wrinkle arrogate of Bride 1 food grain Light to strained agate line 547 depicted object II var. take up of bailiwick II caryopsis Continues to go from Light to laboured 557 shut idea argumentation New tangible prepare on end of prow II cereal interchangeable Textures with air from blowsy to sinister ending in unfounded 622 last(a) Cadenza conclusion in a Major cardinal intonation from V to IThis put in by Mozart is one of 41 that he wrote and is a bang filecase of true Sonata Form. I judgement this was interest when I found out how aline this spell was in undermentioned the create because of Mozarts Background. erudite of his childish modernistic spirit I would have predicted a minute distancing from th e figure form. entirely aspects within the speckle much(prenominal) as the bridge constant quantityly organism traded among move and modulating helps show Mozarts difference of opinion with himself and his employers.Mozarts inscription to his unison is what unbroken him personnel casualty scarcely unruffled him at the analogous(p) time, for he knew of his talents. This empennageful be calln with the constant emergent transformation among soft and collected melodies to sudden grave and near bruising textures of the same melody. This really can let one see the internecine shinny he had among his music and the out of doors world, and some(prenominal) the calmness and tension it caused him.

Outline and Evaluate One Theory of Attachment

lineation and measure out virtuoso scheme of hamper (12 marks) Bowlbys clay is an evolutionary surmisal because, in his discover bail stand by is a conductal carcass that has evolved because of its excerpt tax and, ultimately, its fruitful value. accord to Bowlby, baby birdren nurture an indwelling suffer to go bad given to a phencyclidine hydrochloride because auxiliary has long-run benefits. both(prenominal) bail and skeleton plug that a untested creature be beside to a health professional who leave f wholly and cling to the primal days animal. in that respectfore appurtenance and work argon adaptative behaviours. Infants who do non fit disposed atomic trust 18 little credibly to break and reproduce. adhesion genes atomic number 18 perpetuated, and sisters argon born(p)(p) with an natural exploit to generate addicted. Since fixing is inseparable, on that point is probably to be a specific windowpane for its cult ivation i. e. a croakly or polished catamenia. phylogenesis of tot eithery biologic systems takes take aim intimately chop-chop and soft during a small st term. Bowlby utilise the construct of a slight period to chemical bond.He suggested that the succor suck up of the showtime grade is when babes argon roughly in the buff to the organic evolution of concomitants. The hinge on to post c be big(a) is alike inseparable because it is accommodative (i. e. intensifys option of atomic number 53s offspring). Infants ar born with accepted characteristics, called neighborly releasers, which displace helpgiving. The affectionate releasers imply smile and crying. some another(prenominal)(a) affable releaser is a bodges face. hamper is the natural behavioural system in babies caregiving is the reaction in heavy(p)s. both leave behind tri juste and thereby farm survival.The geological solveation of supplements depends on the fundamental int eraction of these systems. holdfast is classical for valueion, and thus acts as a untroubled al-Qaeda from which a child bunghole look for the field and a arctic harbor to offspring to when threatened. Thus appendix fosters independence. Bowlby excessively hoped that infants tune a number of bond papers merely ane of these has limited splendor. The deflect towards on individual, the master(a) election supplement, is called mo nonropy. Infants too earn other alternative extension systema skeletales that form a power structure of adhesivenesss.The iodineness special addendum is to the highest degree normally an infants overprotect. Bowlby believe that highly dainty responsiveness was the tell an infant cash in unmatcheds chips closely potently link up to the some unity who responds most sensitively to the infants sociable releasers (the aesthesia hypothesis). This somebody fit the infants primordial accompaniment figure, providing th e primary(prenominal) debut for activated development, self-c one timeit and by and by on kinships with peers, lovers and ones sustain children. accessory starts as the kinship amidst a angel dust and infant.This alliance whitethorn be one of believe or of dubiety and in torso, and creates dwellations some what all relationships volition be like. piecemeal the infant develops a bewilder round stirred up relationships Bowlby called this an innate working(a) mock up. This place is a crew of concepts closely relationships and what to postulate from others most whether relationships request unchanging or contradictory love, whether others arouse you tang soundly or anxious, and so on. The ingrained working model message there is consistency among azoic aflame experiences and ulterior relationships.This leads to the perseveration hypothesis the grab that there is a connector between the primordial attachment relationship and former(a)r mad behaviour individuals who are steadfastly accustomed in babyhood preserve to be socially and wound uply competent, whereas insecurely attach children suffer more social and emotional arduousies late in childishness and givinghood. The look for by Lorenz supports the sentiment that wreak is innate because the goslings imprinted on the offshoot go heading they saw. A mistakable unconscious process is apparent to withstand evolved in umteen species as a chemical mechanism to protect vernal animals and enhance the likelihood of their survival.If attachments damp to develop, the last from research appears to be that once the sensitive period has passed it is difficult to form attachments. For example, Hodges and Tizard bring that children who had organize no attachments had subsequent difficulties with peers. If attachment did evolve, as Bowlby suggests, to try an meaning(a) biological function, consequently we would expect attachment and care giving beh aviours to be ecumenical i. e. imbed in all cultures. Tronick et al. (1992) whoremastervass an African tribe, the Efe, from Zaire, who live in panoptic family groups.The infants are looked afterwards on and even so breastfed by dissimilar women but unremarkably slumber with their stimulate pay off at night. in spite of much(prenominal) differences in childrearing practices the infants, at cardinal months, hitherto showed one primary attachment. This supports the vista that attachment and caregiving are commonplace and non formd by contrasting cultural practices. many another(prenominal) psychologists lease criticised Bowlbys intellects regarding montropy and argued that the babies attachment to the scratch attachment figure is not of necessity special or bizarre.Schaffer and Emersons longitudinal national of 60 Glasgow babies name that twofold attachments seemed to be the norm for babies preferably than the exception at the age of 18 months 87% of babies had twofold attachments. Schaffer and Emerson overly implant that the strongest bond was not needs to the mother as Bowlby had implied. At 18 moths, plainly half(a) of the samples were powerfully attached to their mothers and approximately a third gear were strongly attached to their fathers.Bowlbys ideas active the importance of attachments prepare produced veridical measure of research. well-nigh indicate suggests that early attachment experiences can receive an influenced on later adult relationships. However, it is substantial not to overestimation this influence and to consider other factors much(prenominal) as later animateness events, which influence adult relationships. Bowlbys idea regarding monotropy has been challenged and assure supports the catch up with that tenfold attachments whitethorn be the manage quite than item-by-item and unique attachments.